Outcome Assessment
Reference Articles

This section was compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.
Send all comments or additions to:   Frankp@chiro.org

Other Pages:

Documentation

Guidelines

Ooutcome QA's

This section includes:

A.)     Outcome Assessment Questionnaires:

1.   SF-36

2.   Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

3.   Neck Disability Index (NDI)

4.   Oswestry Low Back Pain

5.   Roland-Morris Questionnaire

6.   McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form)

7.   Other Questionnaires


B.)     Measuring Instruments:

1.   Algometry


C.)     General Analysis:

1.   Psychosocial (Waddell Signs)

2.   Performance Clinical Testing

A.)    QUESTIONNAIRES:

1.    SF-36

Goertz, Christine M
Measuring Functional Health Status in the Chiropractic Office Using Self-Report Questionnaires
Top in Clin Chiro 1994:   1 (1):   51-59
Patient self-perception of the health care experience is becoming an important component of clinical outcomes assessment. In light of impending change toward more closely managed health care purchasing, chiropractors are being expected to document and quantify clinical progress. Functional health status instruments are an economic and efficient way of accomplishing the task. Two such instruments are presented in detail: the Dartmouth COOP charts and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0, the latter of which is included in its entirety for use in the office setting. Several other instruments are briefly summarized.


Hawk, Cheryl
Update on the Research Network: Use of the SF-36 Health Survey (RAND-36)
Palmer J Res 1995;   2 (2):   32–33


Stewart, A
The M.O.S. short form general health survey: Reliability and validity in a patient population
Medical Care 1988;   26 (7):   724


Measuring results: The new importance of patient questionnaires"
The Chiropractic Report 1992;   7 (1):   1–6


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2.    Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Love, A
Chiropractic chronic LBP sufferers and self-report assessment methods. PART I: A reliability study of the visual analogue scale (VAS), the pain drawing and the McGill Pain Questionnaire
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989;   12:   21–25


Osterbauer, Paul J
Users guide for the visual analogue scale
Activator Methods, Inc. Phoenix, Az, (602) 224-0220


Price, Donald D
The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain
Pain 1983;   17:   45–56


Wallace, Harry L.
The relationship of changes in cervical curvature to visual analog scale, neck disability index scores and pressure algometry with neck pain
Chiro: Jour of Chiro Res and Clin Invest 1994;   9 (1):   19–23


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3.    Neck Disability Index (NDI)

Vernon, H
The Neck Disability Index: A Study of Reliability and Validity
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;   14 (7):   409–415


Wallace, Harry L.
The relationship of changes in cervical curvature to visual analog scale, neck disability index scores and pressure algometry with neck pain
Chiro: Jour of Chiro Res and Clin Invest 1994;   9 (1):   19–23


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4.    Oswestry Low Back Pain

Fairbanks, J
The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire
Physiotherapy 1980;   66:   271


Fairbanks, J
The Oswestry Disability Index
SPINE 2000;   25 (22):   2940–2953

Roberts A.
The conservative treatment of low back pain.
MD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991.


Waddell G.
The Back Pain Revolution.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998


Baker CD, Pynsent PB, Fairbank JCT.
The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: Its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St. Thomas's Disability Index.
In: Roland MO, Jenner JR, eds.
Back Pain: New Approaches to Education and Rehabilitation.
Manchester University Press, 1989:   174–186


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5.    Roland-Morris Questionnaire

Roland M, Morris R.
A study of the natural history of back pain: PART I: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain.
Spine 1983;   8:   141–144


Stratford PW, Binkley JM.
Measurement properties of the RM 18: A modified version of the Roland-Morris disability scale
Spine 1997;   22:   2416–2421


Deyo RA.
Comparative validity of the sickness impact profile and shorter scales for functional assessment in low back pain
Spine 1986;   11   951–954


Jensen MP, Strom SE, Turner JA, Romano JM.
Validity of the Sickness Impact Profile Roland scale as a measure of dysfunction in chronic pain patients
Pain 1992;   50:   157–162


Patrick DL, Deyo RA, Atlas SJ, Singer DE, Chapin A, Keller RB.
Assessing health related quality of life in patients with sciatica
Spine 1995;   20:   1899–1909


Roberts A.
The conservative treatment of low back pain.
MD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991


Waddell G.
The Back Pain Revolution.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998


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6.    McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form)

Melzack, R
The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major Properties and Scoring Methods
Pain 1975 (Sep);   1 (3):   277-299


Melzack, R.
The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire
Pain 1987;   30 (2):   191-197


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7.    Other Questionnaires

Main, Chris J
The distress and risk assessment method: A simple patient classification to identify distress and evaluate the risk of poor outcome
Spine 1992;   17 (1):   42–52


Main, Chris J
The modified somatic perception questionnaire
J Psychosom Res 1983;   27 (6):   503–514


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B.)    MEASURING DEVICES:

1.    Algometry

Test-retest reliability, repeatability, and sensitivity of an automated deformation-controlled indentation on pressure pain threshold measurement
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 (Feb); 36 (2): 84-90 Algometrics Inc.
The sLide algometer- Theory and practical use in patient care
UNPUBLISHED 1990 :
A 12 page handout (Supplied w/ a new algometer from Activator)


Wallace, Harry L.
The relationship of changes in cervical curvature to visual analog scale, neck disability index scores and pressure algometry with neck pain
Chiro: Jour of Chiro Res and Clin Invest 1994;   9 (1):   19–23


Bovim, Gunnar
Cervicogenic headache, migraine, and tension-type headache. Pressure-pain threshold measurements
Pain 1992;   51:   169–173


Fischer, Andrew A
Pressure algometry over normal muscles: Standard values, validity, reproducibility of pressure threshold
Pain 1987;   30:   115–126


Hains, Francois
Association between primary dysmenorrhea and pain threshold at the thoracolumbar junction
FCER's International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1991; 106–109


Hsieh, J
Effect of chiropractic manipulation on the pain threshold of myofascial trigger point: A pilot study
FCER's International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1990; 359–363


Jensen, Kai
Quantification of tenderness by palpation and use of pressure algometer
Advances in Pain Res & Ther 1990;   17:   165–181


Reeves, John L
Reliability of the pressure algometer as a measure of myofascial trigger point sensitivity
Pain 1986;   24 :   313–321


Vernon, HT
Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: A pilot study
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1990;   131:   13–16


Back to INITIAL REPORT:


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C.)    GENERAL ANALYSIS:

1.    Psychosocial (Waddell Signs)

Chan, Carl W
The pain drawing and Waddell's nonorganic physical signs in chronic low-back pain
Spine 1993;   18 (13):   1717–1722


Milus, Thomas B
Somatization: Psychologic considerations in chiropractic practice
Top in Clin Chiro 1994:   1 (1):   13–25


Waddell, Gordon
Nonorganic physical signs in low back pain
Spine 1980;   5 (2):   117–125


Waddell, G
Assessment of severity in low back disorders
Spine 1984;   9 (2):   204–208


Waddell, G
Chronic low-back pain, psychologic distress, and illness behavior
Spine 1984;   9 (2):   209–213


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2.     Performance Clinical Testing

Alaranta, H
Non-dynametric trunk performance tests: Reliability and normative data base
Scand J Rehab Med 1994;   26:   211–215


Donelson, Ronald
Pain response to sagittal end-range spinal motion: A prospective, randomized, multi-center trial (McKenzie protocol)
Spine 1991;   16 (6):   S206–S212


Donelson, Ronald
Centralization phenomenon: It's usefulness in evaluation and treating referred pain
Spine 1990;   15 (3):   211–213


Rissanen, A & Alaranta, H
Isokinetic and non-dynamometric tests in low back pain patients related to pain and disability index
Spine 1994;   19 (17):   1963–1967


Tunnell, Pamela W
Protocol for visual assessment: Postural evaluation of the muscular system through visual inspection
J Bodywork Movement Ther 1996;   1 (1):   21–27


Yeomans, Steven G & Liebensen, Craig
Quantitative functional capacity evaluation: The missing link to outcomes assessment
Top Clin Chiro 1996;   3 (1):   32–41
appendix "Outcomes assessment record, QFCE tests,etc on pages 84-89


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Since 3-01-1998

Updated 3-20-2015