Chiropractic Clinical Outcomes Among Older Adult
Male Veterans With Chronic Lower Back Pain:
A Retrospective Review of Quality-Assurance DataThis section is compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.
Send all comments or additions to: Frankp@chiro.org
FROM: J Chiropractic Medicine 2022 (Jun); 21 (2): 77–82 ~ FULL TEXT
OPEN ACCESS Brian A. Davis DC, Andrew S. Dunn DC, MS, MEd, Derek J. Golley DC, MS, Dave R. Chicoine DC, MS
Chiropractic Department,
VA Western New York Healthcare System,
Buffalo, New York
FROM: Military.com 2019Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a sample of older adult male U.S. veterans demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvement in chronic lower back pain on validated outcome measures after a short course of chiropractic care.
Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a quality-assurance data set of outcome metrics for male veterans, aged 65 to 89 years, who had chronic low back pain, defined as pain in the lower back region present for at least 3 months before evaluation. We included those who received chiropractic management from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. Paired t tests were used to compare outcomes after 4 treatments on both a numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Back Bournemouth Questionnaire (BBQ). The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was set at 30% change from baseline.
Results: There were 217 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. The mean NRS score change from baseline was 2.2 points, representing a 34.1% reduction (t = 13.5, P < .001). The mean score change for BBQ was 14.7 points, representing a 35.9% reduction (t = 16.7, P < .001). The percentage of participants reaching the MCID for the NRS was 57% (n = 124) and for the BBQ was 59% (n = 126), with 41% (n = 90) of the sample reaching the MCID for both the NRS and BBQ.
Conclusion: This retrospective review revealed clinically and statistically significant improvement in numeric rating scale (NRS) and Back Bournemouth Questionnaire (BBQ) scores for this sample of older male U.S. veterans treated with chiropractic management for chronic low back pain.
Keywords: dult; Chiropractic; Low Back Pain; Manipulation, Spinal; Veterans.
From the FULL TEXT Article:
Introduction
Trends in aging demonstrate that the U.S. and worldwide populations are getting older and will continue to progress in a fashion that further increases the proportion of older individuals. [1, 2] The proportion of the U.S. population aged ≥65 years is projected to increase from 12.4% in 2000 to approximately 20% in 2030, from 35 million to 71 million people. [1, 2] This has implications for health care services worldwide, including the Veterans Health Administration division of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). [3] These implications are especially pronounced within the VA, as the average health status of older veteran enrollees is poorer than that of older individuals enrolling in Medicare managed care. [3] Of note, according to the Veteran Population Projection Model 2018, the veteran population is expected to decline from 19.5 million in 2020 to 13.6 million by 2048 — a 1.8% reduction per year. However, despite the slow projected decline over the next 3 decades, the current older veteran population remains a robust patient base.
Older adults, those aged 65 years or older, commonly report experiencing lower back pain (LBP; 25%–33% annually). [4–6] Although the overall prevalence of LBP is similar to that in the younger working-age population, the prevalence of disabling LBP and the complexity of its presentation among older adults are much greater than in their younger counterparts. [4–7] Factors which potentially worsen prognosis in LBP are more common among older adults, including longer duration of symptoms, the presence and increased severity of degenerative changes, medical comorbidities, and decreased functional status [7]
The Global Burden of Disease Study defines disability as “any short-term or long-term health loss” to create time-based metrics called years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years to compare the worldwide burden of various diseases. Of all conditions, LBP was the greatest contributor of YLD, accounting for 10.7% of all YLD and 83 million disability-adjusted life years. [8] It also carries a strong economic burden. In the United States alone, the estimated annual costs associated with LBP are between $100 billion and $200 billion, with the majority (52%–54%) being indirect costs. [9]
When considering a management approach for chronic LBP, veterans have many treatment options within the VA, including chiropractic management. [10] Chiropractic management has demonstrated efficacy in the management of LBP in older adults in previous studies, both within [11] and outside [12–15] the VA.
There are few studies reporting the use of chiropractic care for older veterans, and thus there is justification and significance in exploring chronic LBP management among older veterans. Although there is a high prevalence of LBP in this population, [16] there is a paucity of studies regarding clinical outcomes with chiropractic management of chronic LBP within this specific population. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether a sample of older adult male U.S. veterans would demonstrate clinically and statistically significant improvement of validated outcome measures for chronic LBP after a short course of chiropractic care.
Methods
Study Design
This study was a retrospective review of outcome metrics using a prospectively maintained quality-assurance data set. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the VA Western New York Healthcare System Institutional Review Board before commencement of the study.
Study Setting
The chiropractic clinic at the Buffalo VA Medical Center (VAMC) was the setting for this study.
Population Sample
The following were the inclusion criteria: male, veteran, age 65 to 89 years at intake, evaluation for chronic LBP by the local VA chiropractic service during the period from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2018, and completed outcome measures at baseline and at follow-up after 4 treatments. Although participants may have had more treatment visits, we selected 4 treatments as the point in time for this study because typically this is when clinicians make decisions about patient response to care. This is also typically the time when information is gathered to guide patient management early within a course of care, in terms of both clinical response and resource allocation.
The format of the prospectively maintained quality-assurance data set changed in 2019, precluding inclusion of clinical encounters beyond 2018. Chronic LBP within our sample was defined as pain in the lower back region present for at least 3 months before evaluation. Patients were excluded if they were missing initial or follow-up pain numeric rating scale (NRS) or Back Bournemouth Questionnaire (BBQ) values or if they had a baseline NRS of <2 out of 10 or a baseline BBQ score of <14 out of 70, to best allow for a reasonable measure of treatment response by limiting floor effects. Data from those patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the statistical analysis. A small number of veterans presented for consultation in the clinic more than once during the 9–year period; data were collected from each individual course of care as long as a minimum of 1 year had passed between the last follow-up visit and the subsequent consultation.
Data Collection
An electronic quality-assurance data set in the form of a Microsoft Excel file within a local secure VA drive was used as the data source for this study. Data points were entered into the quality-assurance file directly after the initial consultation and individual re-evaluations by the staff chiropractors at the facility between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018. The data were extracted from that quality-assurance data set into a separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. All identifying information was scrubbed from the workable data set. Descriptive variables were collected including age, body mass index (BMI), baseline BBQ and NRS scores, re-evaluation BBQ and NRS scores, service-connected (SC) disability percentage, and SC percentage for the chief complaint. Scores for the NRS were collected at baseline and every follow-up visit, and BBQ scores were collected at baseline and again after 4 treatments at the time of re-evaluation on the fifth appointment. The decision to collect outcome measures after 4 treatments was based on the Nordic back pain subpopulation studies, [17–19] which support the concept that the early response to care is predictive of the overall response to care. The NRS is an 11–point self-reported assessment of pain severity, with 0 representing “no pain” and 10 representing the “worst pain imaginable.” [20] The BBQ is a validated 7–question multidimensional outcome measure based on the biopsychosocial model of back pain. Final BBQ scores range from 0 to 70 based on the sum of 7 multifactorial questions scored 0 to 10, with higher scores associated with increased symptom severity. [21] Service-connected disabilities are injuries or illnesses that are incurred or aggravated during active military service, for which veterans who separated or were discharged from the military under honorable circumstances may be eligible for compensation. [22]
Chiropractic Treatment Methods and Frequency
This was a review of the routine clinical chiropractic care performed within the facility. A multimodal approach was carried out based upon the presentation of the individual patient, patient preference, and the clinical judgement of the provider. The nature of the therapy applied for treatment and individual treatment visits varied, but typical chiropractic care within the Buffalo VAMC may have included a combination of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT), spinal mobilization techniques, flexion-distraction therapy, therapeutic exercises, stretching techniques, and myofascial release. Spinal manipulative therapy was defined as a manually performed manipulative procedure involving the application of a high-velocity, low-amplitude impulse at the end range of a spinal joint. Spinal mobilization was defined as a manually assisted spinal motion involving repetitive joint oscillations through varying ranges of motion without the application of a high-velocity, low-amplitude impulse. Flexion-distraction therapy was defined as a method of unloading spinal mobilization, which generally involves distractive traction components through flexion of the lumbar and hip joints in concert with superior manual pressure applied to the lumbar spine in a prone position. Myofascial release was defined as sustained or dynamic manual pressure applied to various soft tissue, either in a static state or while undergoing passive lengthening. Participants also received education about improving posture, stretching techniques, and ergonomic recommendations pertaining to their individual presentations. Chiropractic care was delivered by VA staff chiropractors with some contributions by supervised chiropractic residents and chiropractic students participating in a supervised clerkship.
Statistical Analyses
Descriptive statistics of mean, SD, and minimum and maximum values for age, BMI, baseline and outcome NRS values, baseline and outcome BBQ values, SC disability percentages, and SC values for the chief complaint were calculated for the sample using the statistics plug-in of Microsoft Excel. Two-tailed dependent t tests were used to compare before and after values of the outcome measures. The BBQ score was designated as our primary outcome, and using G*Power version 3.1.9.7, the minimum sample size for a matched t test of before and after BBQ scores was determined to be n = 34, assuming a power of 80%, an α value of 5%, and a target effect size of 0.5. In addition to statistical significance, clinical significance was assessed using a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of an average 30% or greater change between baseline and re-evaluation for both the NRS and BBQ. The MCID was based upon published accounts of an international consensus for a range of commonly used back pain outcome measures. [20, 23] The percentage of participants who reached or exceeded the MCID for the measures used were reported.
Results
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3 Of the 602 male veterans aged 65 to 89 years consulted for chronic LBP at the Buffalo VAMC chiropractic clinic over the 9–year time frame, 217 (36.1%) met the inclusion criteria (Figure 1). For the purpose of this study, analyses were carried out for the sample (n = 217) with completed baseline and re-evaluation outcome measures for both the NRS and BBQ. The sample size of our study was substantial enough to confidently conclude that our statistical analyses were adequately powered.
Among the sample (n = 217), the mean age was 72.3 years. No participants were classified as underweight (BMI < 18.5), 23 (10.6%) were of normal weight (BMI of 18.5–24.9), 79 (36.4%) were overweight (BMI of 25–29.9), and the remaining 115 (53%) were obese (BMI > 30.0); the mean BMI of was 31.4 kg/m2. The mean SC disability percentage was 40.4%, and the mean SC relating to the chief complaint of LBP was 5.4%.
For BBQ scores, the mean change from baseline was 14.7 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.0–16.4; Figure 2), from a baseline score of 40.6 (95% CI, 39.0–42.3) to a discharge score of 25.9 (95% CI, 24.1–27.8), representing a percentage change from baseline of 35.9% (95% CI, 31.8%–40.0%; t = 16.7, P < .001). For NRS scores, the mean change from baseline was 2.2 points (95% CI, 1.8–2.5; Figure 3), from a baseline score of 6.0 (95% CI, 5.7–6.3) to a discharge score of 3.8 (95% CI, 3.5–4.1), representing a percentage change from baseline of 34.1% (95% CI, 29.1%–39.2%; t = 13.8, P < .001). The BBQ and NRS matched t test effect sizes of t were calculated to be 1.05 and 0.94, respectively. Based upon an established MCID of 30%, 57% of participants (n = 124) met or exceeded the MCID for the NRS and 58% (n = 126) for the BBQ. A total of 41% (n = 90) of participants met the MCID for both the NRS and BBQ.
Discussion
The results demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvements in NRS and BBQ scores for this sample of older male veterans treated with chiropractic management for chronic LBP over a short course of 4 treatments. We chose to collect outcome measures after 4 treatments because we felt that this was around the time when information is needed to guide patient management within a course of care, in terms of both clinical response and resource allocation. The Nordic back pain subpopulation program demonstrated that early response to chiropractic treatment could be indicative of the overall response to care. In multiple studies, [17, 18] individuals who exhibited a favorable response to their initial chiropractic treatment were more likely to show clinical improvement of their LBP over the entirety of a treatment course. A favorable initial response to care is multifactorial and may include a combination of reduced pain severity, improved functionality, and minimal post-treatment adverse effects. Whereas a positive early response was predictive of overall clinical benefit, these findings were paralleled by a poor initial response predicting overall less treatment benefit. [17] Another study found that early recovery—that is, being LBP free at the fourth visit—was a strong predictor for being LBP free at 3 months and 12 months after care. [19] Based on these concepts, it is reasonable to assess outcomes early within a course of care in an attempt to optimize patient management resource allocation.
The findings of the present study should be considered within the context of a veteran-based population, which is majority older white men with multiple comorbid conditions. [24] The burden of illness among veteran ambulatory patients has been observed to be greater than twice that of ambulatory non-service members. [25] This notion of increased illness can be found within our study sample, as our average participant is an obese (BMI = 31.4) 72–year-old with >40% SC disability. These findings are clinically relevant because previous studies have shown that obesity is associated with a multitude of comorbid conditions and disability in the chronic LBP population. [26] Furthermore, severe comorbid conditions may decrease the likelihood of obtaining favorable results with traditional chiropractic care for LBP. [27, 28] Despite individual complexity from a high illness burden and potential barriers to positive outcomes, this sample of older male veterans had both clinically and statistically significant improvement in their chronic LBP with chiropractic management.
The results of this study are consistent with those of previous chart reviews performed in veteran populations receiving chiropractic management for musculoskeletal complaints with respect to improvements in pain severity ratings and functional outcome assessment scores. For example, a retrospective case series assessing clinical outcomes in U.S. veterans with LBP by Dunn et al [29] reported statistically significant improvement in NRS (37.4%) and BBQ (34.6%) scores. Additionally, a retrospective study of clinical outcomes for female veterans with LBP by Corcoran et al [30] reported a statistically significant reduction in BBQ scores (27.3%). Although there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of chiropractic care in treating musculoskeletal complaints in older adults [14–16] and additional studies examining chiropractic outcomes in veterans, [27–30] there remains limited evidence regarding clinical outcomes in older veterans treated with chiropractic care. It is important to note that treatment in this study was provided with a multimodal approach, and there is no way to allocate the effectiveness of individual treatment modalities applied. There may also be contributions from the nonspecific therapeutic effect of the patient encounter. This concept is substantiated by Dougherty et al, [11] who conducted a randomized controlled trial assessing the difference in clinical outcomes in older veterans with chronic lower back pain receiving either spinal manipulative therapy or a sham intervention. They found that both groups had similar favorable outcomes for pain relief and disability improvement, suggesting the presence of a beneficial nonspecific therapeutic effect from the clinical encounters.
Limitations
This study did not have a control group, and thus the lack of control for confounding variables may affect the results. Other limitations could include regional variations in our veteran population, clinical practice variations, and dependence on accurate data collection and clinical documentation, given that the data were obtained from a secondary data source. Furthermore, the status of chronic presentations (chronic stable vs acute on chronic) was not delineated and may have affected the clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses were based upon 217 participants, which represents a relatively small but adequately powered sample; however, the participants were from 1 location. Although treatments were generally provided at a frequency of once every 1 to 2 weeks, variations in the frequency of treatments and the duration of care may have occurred and may have influenced clinical outcomes. Many individuals were excluded due to the lack of discharge BBQ outcomes (373 of 602), representing patients who were lost to follow-up or discharged before a formal re-evaluation including updated BBQ was obtained. There are many potential factors that contribute to patients not completing a course of care as planned, which may have influenced our results. Moreover, the study was limited by the fact that outcomes were evaluated after the fifth visit, and the durability of improvements was not further investigated. Thus, our choice of 4 visits was arbitrary, and outcomes may have been different if a greater or lesser number of visits had been assessed. Additionally, the fact that our sample included only male veterans limits generalizability of the findings to female veterans. Last, the fact that the first response item for the BBQ is an NRS presents a confounding relationship between BBQ and NRS scores that was not controlled for in this study.
Future Studies
Further research is warranted and should be explored with a prospective randomized controlled design across multiple sites to inspect the efficacy of chiropractic care versus sham treatment within the older male veteran population with chronic lower back pain.
Conclusion
This retrospective review of a quality-assurance data set revealed clinically and statistically significant improvement in chronic LBP in terms of both numeric rating scale (NRS) and Back Bournemouth Questionnaire (BBQ) scores for this sample of older male U.S. veterans under chiropractic care.
Practical Applications
A short course of chiropractic care (4 visits) resulted in statistically and clinically significant improvement in lower back pain.
For this sample, chiropractic care was an effective treatment for chronic lower back pain in older men.
We found significant improvement in chronic lower back pain in terms of both numeric rating scale and Back Bournemouth Questionnaire scores.
Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest
This research was not funded. It was carried out with resources of the Buffalo VA Medical Center. No conflicts of interest were reported for this study.
The contents do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Government, or the VA Western New York Healthcare System's Chiropractic Residency Program.
Contributorship Information
Concept development (provided idea for the research): A.S.D., D.J.G.
Design (planned the methods to generate the results): D.J.G.
Supervision (provided oversight, responsible for organization and implementation, writing of the manuscript): A.S.D., D.J.G.
Data collection/processing (responsible for experiments, patient management, organization, or reporting data): A.S.D., D.J.G.
Analysis/interpretation (responsible for statistical analysis, evaluation, and presentation of the results): B.A.D., D.R.C.
Literature search (performed the literature search): B.A.D., D.J.G.
Writing (responsible for writing a substantive part of the manuscript): B.A.D., A.S.D., D.J.G.
Critical review (revised manuscript for intellectual content, this does not relate to spelling and grammar checking): B.A.D., A.S.D., D.J.G.
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