Quality Assessment

Andrea C. Skelly; Roger Chou; Joseph R. Dettori; Judith A. Turner; Janna L. Friedly; Sean D. Rundell; Rongwei Fu; Erika D. Brodt; Ngoc Wasson; Shelby Kantner; Aaron J.R. Ferguson

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Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.)

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Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].

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Appendix EQuality Assessment

Table E-1Quality assessment of randomized controlled trials

References are located in Appendix B.

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Author, Year	Randomization	Concealed Treatment Allocation	Intention-to-Treat Analysis	Baseline Group Similarity	Patient Blinded	Care Provider Blinded	Outcome Assessor/ Data Analyst Blinded	Compliance Acceptable in All Groups	Attrition Reported	Attrition Acceptable	Attrition Between Groups Acceptable	Timing of Outcome Assessment in All Groups Similar	Registered or Published Protocol	Avoidance of Selective Outcomes Reporting	Quality Rating
Abbassi, 2012	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Abbott, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Ajimsha, 2014	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Al Rashoud, 2014	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Alda, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Fair
Alfano, 2001	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes (magnetic field, sham); No (usual care)	Yes	Yes (outcome assessor); No (data analyst)	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair (all comparisons)
Allen, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Altan, 2005	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Altan, 2009	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Amris, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Andersen, 2008	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	No	No	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Ang, 2010	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Poor
Areeudomwong, 2017	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Arguisuelas, 2017	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Aslan Telci, 2012	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	No	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Assefi, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Good
Banth, 2015	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Baptista, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Fair
Baumueller, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Basford,1999	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Battisti 2004	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Bendix,1995, 1997,1998	Yes (minimization)	Yes (minimization)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No (22% at 12 months)	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Bendix, 2000	Yes (minimization)	Yes (minimization)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No (22% at 12\0 months)	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Bendix,1996,1998	Yes (minimization)	Yes (minimization)	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Bennell, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Bennell, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Berman,1999	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Berman, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Beurskens,1997	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Birch,1998	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes/No*	No	Yes/No*	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Poor
Blanchard, 1990	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes - Relax only vs. AC/WL No - CBT/relax vs. AC/WL	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Blodt, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	No (~70%)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Boline, 1995	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Bono, 2015	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Bourgault, 2015	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Bramberg, 2017	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Brinkhaus, 2006a	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Brismee, 2007	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes/No (assessor blinded/ patient reported	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Bronfort, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Brosseau, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Good
Brouwer, 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Buckelew, 1998	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor (all comparisons)
Cakir, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Fair
Carlsson, 2001	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Cash, 2015/Sephton 2007	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Poor
Castel, 2012	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Poor
Castel, 2013	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Castien, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Castro-Sanchez, 2011[a]	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Castro-Sanchez, 2011[b]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Cedraschi, 2004	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Chen, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Cherkin, 2001	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Cherkin, 2009	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Cherkin, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Cherkin, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Chiu, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	No*	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No**	No**	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Cho, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Cho, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Chow, 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Good
Clarke-Jenssen 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Correa, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Costa, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No (not blinded to exercise)	No	Yes	Yes	Yes (figure 1)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Da Costa, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
de Araujo Cazotti, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
de Rooij, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Dias, 2003	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Dilek, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Djavid, 2007	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Ebadi, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Ebneshahidi, 2005	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Edinger, 2005	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Ettinger, 1997	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Falcao, 2008	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Fary, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Ferreira, 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Fontaine, 2010/2011	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Fukuda, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No (control) Yes (placebo)	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Poor
Garcia, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Giannotti, 2014	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Poor
Gibson, 1985	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No (21% vs. 6%)	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Gilbert, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Giombini, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Goldby, 2006	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes (>80% at 12 months)	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Gowans, 2001	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Groessl, 2017	Yes		Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Gudavalli, 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Gur, 2004	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Gusi, 2006	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Haake, 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Haas, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Harkapaa, 1989	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Hegedus, 2009	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Helminen, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Highland, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Hinman, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (vs. sham) No (vs. NT)	Yes (vs. sham) No (vs. NT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good - vs. sham Fair - vs. no treatment
Ho, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Fair
Hoeksma, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Holroyd, 1991	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Holroyd, 2001	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes- medication, No-stress	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Holsgaard-Larsen, 2017, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Hondras, 2009	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Huang, 2003	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Huang, 2005a Arth & Rheum	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Huang, 2005b, Archives PM&R	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Jensen, 2012/Wicksell 2013	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Jia, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Johnson, 2007	Yes	Yes (minimization)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Jousset, 2004	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Jubb, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Juhakoski, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No (PRO)/Yes (CRO)	Yes/No (1st year 86%, 2nd year 58%)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Kankaanpaa, 1999	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Karatay, 2018	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Karlsson, 2015	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Karst, 2000	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No*	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Kayiran, 2010	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Kayo, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Fair
Kerr, 2003	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
King, 2002	Yes	unclear	No	Unclear	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Lamb, 2010/2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Lambeek, 2010a	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Lami, 2017	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Lansdown, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Lansinger, 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear*	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	No	Poor
Larsson, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	No	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Lauche, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes/No*	Yes	Yes/No**	Yes/No**	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair Tai chi vs. WL; Poor Tai chi vs. Ex., Ex. vs. WL
Laufer, 2005	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Li, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Liang, 2011	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Licciardone, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Little, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Luciano, 2014, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Lumley, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Lund, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Lynch, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
MacPherson, 2015/Essex, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Mannerkorpi, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Martin, 2006	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Good
Martin, 2012	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Mat, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Mazloum, 2017	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Mazzuca, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
McCrae, 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Messier, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Mist, 2018	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Miyamoto, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Miyamoto, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Monticone, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Monticone, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Morone, 2009	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Morone, 2016	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Movahedi, 2017	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Poor
Nambi, 2014	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Fair
Nassif, 2011	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Poor
Natour, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Nicholas, 1991 Behav	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Nicholas, 1992 Pain 1992;48:339–47	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
O’Moore, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Osteras, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Pach, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Paolucci, 2015	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Pennix, 2001 (FAST)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Pennix, 2002 (FAST)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Pennix, 2002 (FAST)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Perlman, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Poole, 2007	Yes (minimization)	Yes (minimization)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Quilty, 2003	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Quinn, 2008	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Redondo, 2004	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Rejeski, 2002	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Rejeski, 2002	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Roche, 2007/2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Rosedale, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Rudolfsson, 2014	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes/No*	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Fair
Sahin, 2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Fair
Sanudo, 2010	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Sanudo, 2012	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Sanudo, 2015	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Saper, 2017	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Saral, 2016	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Schimmel, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Schmidt, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (vs. attention control)	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Seferiadis, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes/No*	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Fair
Segal, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes (3 months); No (9 months)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair (3 months); Poor (9 months)
Sencan, 2004	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear (vs. placebo); Yes (vs. paroxetine)	Unclear (vs. placebo); No (vs. paroxetine)	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Senna, 2011	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Sherman, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Sherman, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Sherman, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Ye	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Somers, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes/No (data	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Soriano, 1998	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Poor
Stewart, 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Strand, 2001	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Stukstette, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Suarez-Almazo, 2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes - sham No - waitlist	Yes - sham	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Good (sham); Fair (waitlist)
Sullivan, 1998	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Tak, 2005	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No/Yes (primary outcomes were patient reported and patient’s	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Tascioglu, 2004	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Tavafian, 2008	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor
Tavola, 1992	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Teirlinck, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes (3 month treatment period); No (booster sessions)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Thamsborg, 2005	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Thieme, 2006	No	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	No	Yes	Poor
Thomas, 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Thomas, 2002	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Thorstensson, 2005	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Tilbrook, 2011	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (see note at end of text)	Yes	Fair
Tomas-Carus, 2008, 2009	Unclear	Unclear	No	Unclear	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Trock, 1994	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Turner, 1990	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
UK BEAM Trial Team, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
van der Roer, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
van Eijk-Hustings, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Fair
van Gordon, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
van Santen, 2002	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	Yes (CBO), No (PRO)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor (all comparisons)
Vas, 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Fair
Vas, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Verkaik, 2014	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Viljanen, 2003	Yes	Yes	Yes	No*	No	No	No	No**	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Villafaina, 2019	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Von Korff, 2005	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Waling, 2002	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Waller, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Wang, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Wang, 2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes (CBO) No (PRO)	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Wang, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Weng, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
White, 2004	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Wigers, 1996	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No (stress management vs. usual care and vs. exercise) Yes (exercise vs. usual care)	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Poor (stress management vs. usual care and vs. exercise) Fair (exercise vs. usual care)
Williams, 2002	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Poor
Williams, 2005	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Williams, 2009	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Fair
Williamson, 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Witt, 2005	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Fair
Yegin, 2017	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Poor
Yildiz, 2015	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Yurtkuran, 2007	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair
Zgierska, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Poor
Zhang, 2013	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Fair