Figure 10 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.02 (95% confidence interval −0.28 to 0.30) and an overall I-squared value of 36.7%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for four intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of 0.01 (95% confidence interval −0.15 to 0.21) and an overall I-squared value of 18.7%.

Figure 10Spinal manipulation versus exercise for chronic low back pain: effects on function

= confidence interval; = Modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; N = number; = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; = standard deviation; = standardized mean difference; BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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