Figure 11 is a forest plot. Mean differences were reported or calculated for three short-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of 0.31 (95% confidence interval −0.42 to 1.06) and an overall I-squared value of 34%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for four intermediate-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of 0.23 (95% confidence interval −0.14 to 0.59) and an overall I-squared value of 0%.

Figure 11Spinal manipulation versus exercise for chronic low back pain: effects on pain

= confidence interval; EXE = exercise; N = number; = standard deviation; BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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