Figure 13 is a forest plot. Mean differences were reported or calculated for five short-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.55 (95% confidence interval −0.88 to −0.23) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.02 (95% confidence interval −0.56 to 0.44) and an overall I-squared value of 0%.

Figure 13Massage versus sham massage, usual care, or attention control for chronic low back pain: effects on pain

= attention control; = confidence interval; FR = foot reflexology; MI = minimal intervention; MR = myofascial release; N = number; RS = relaxation/structural; = standard deviation; SM = sham massage, = usual care

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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