Figure 31 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for five short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.40 (95% confidence interval −0.67 to −0.14) and an overall I-squared value of 61.0%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.19 (95% confidence interval −0.37 to 0.05) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Standardized mean differences was reported or calculated for one long-term study (−0.23, 95% confidence interval −0.61 to 0.16).

Figure 31Acupuncture versus sham acupuncture, a placebo intervention, or usual care for chronic neck pain: effects on function

ACP = traditional needle acupuncture; = confidence interval; EACP = electroacupuncture; = Neck Disability Index; = Northwick Park Questionnaire; = standard deviation; Sham L = sham laser; = standardized mean difference; = usual care.

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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