Figure 4 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for 11 short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.51 (95% confidence interval −0.98 to −0.08) and an overall I-squared value of 88.1%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for five intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.17 (95% confidence interval −0.39 to 0.02) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Standardized mean difference was reported or calculated for one long-term study (0, 95% confidence interval −0.38 to 0.38).

Figure 4Exercise versus usual care, an attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on function

= attention control; = confidence interval; CPGS –BD =Von Korff Chronic Pain Grade Score Back Disability; DP = directional preference; GE= general exercise; MC = motor control; MF = mobility/flexibility; MI = minimal intervention; N = number; NE = no exercise; NM = neuromuscular re-education; = Oswestry Disability Index; = Pain Disability Index; = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; = standard deviation; = standardized mean difference; S. pilates = selective Pilates; Strng=Strength training; = usual care; = waitlist

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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