From: Results
![Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update](./Figure_8_RESULTS_files/th-cer227-lrg.png)
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AC = attention control; CI = confidence interval; N = number; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PI = placebo intervention; RDQ = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; SD = standard deviation; SMD = standardized mean difference; SP= sham manipulation; UC = usual care; UK BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial; VF = Von Korff functional disability
From: Results
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.