Table 40Fibromyalgia: mindfulness practices

Author, Year, Followup, Pain Duration, Study QualityInterventionPopulationFunction and Pain OutcomesOther Outcomes

Cash 2015, Sephton, 2007,

2 months

Duration of pain

Poor

A. Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (n=51): 8-week group-based program with one 2.5 hour session/week including instruction in techniques, meditation, and simple yoga positions to encourage relaxation. Participants were asked to complete daily practices with workbook and audiotapes for 45 min a day for 6 days a week.

B. Waitlist (n=39)

A vs. B

Age: 48 vs. 48 years

Female: 100% vs. 100%

Caucasian: 94% vs. 93%

Baseline Physical Functioning (0-10): 1.3 vs. 1.2

Baseline pain (0-100): 68.1 vs. 69.2

Baseline Severity (0-100): 67.5 vs. 62.5

A vs. B

2 months:

Physical Functioning: 1.2 vs. 1.2; difference 0.0 (95% −0.32 to 0.32)

Pain : 65.2 vs. 65.1; difference 0.1 (95% −9.96 to 10.16)

Severity: 62.0 vs. 66.7; difference −4.7 (95% −12.24 to 2.84)

A vs. B

2 months

Total: 13.3 vs. 14.8; difference −1.5 (95% −4.76 to 1.76)

Cognitive Subscale: 5.3 vs. 6.4; difference −1.1 (95% −2.98 to 0.78)

Somatic Subscale: 7.4 vs. 7.7; difference −0.3 (95% −1.73 to 1.13)

: 20.2 vs. 20.8; difference −0.60 (95% −3.37 to 2.17)

SDQ: 8.4 vs. 9.5; difference −1.10 (95% −2.58 to 0.38)

: 5.5 vs. 6.0; difference −0.50 (95% −1.28 to 0.28)

Schmidt, 2011

2 months

Duration of fibromyalgia, years: 14 years

Fair

A. Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (n=53): 8-week group-based program; 1, 2.5 hour session/week and one 7 hour all-day session covering training in specific exercises and topics of mindfulness practices. Participants were asked to complete daily practices of 45-60 minutes each

B. Active-control Intervention (n=56) Controlled for nonspecific aspects of the program with similar meeting structure and format to MBSR treatment arm. Equivalent levels of social support and weekly topical education was provided along with Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation training and fibromyalgia-specific gentle stretching exercises. Participants were asked to complete daily homework assignments with the same duration as MBSR group.

C. Waitlist (n=59)

A vs. B vs. C

Age: 53 vs. 52 years

Female: 100% (all female study)

Race:

A vs. C

Baseline Total (0-10): 5.8 vs. 5.7

Baseline Affective (scale unclear): 35.5 vs. 34.8

Baseline Sensory (scale unclear): 22.4 vs. 22.6

A vs. B

2 months

Proportion of patients with >14% improvement in scores (): 30% vs. 25%; 1.21 (95% 0.79 to 1.82)

: 5.23 vs. 5.33; difference −0.10 (95% −0.84 to 0.64)

Affective: 30.79 vs. 32.17; difference −1.38 (95% −4.79 to 2.03)

Sensory: 21.16 vs. 21.87; difference −0.71 (95% −2.77 to 1.34)

A vs. C

2 months

Proportion of patients with >14% improvement in scores (): 30% vs. 22%; 1.37 (95% 0.83 to 1.94)

: 5.23 vs. 5.29; difference −0.06 (95% −0.75 to 0.63)

Affective: 30.79 vs. 32.38; difference −1.59 (95% −5.01 to 1.83)

Sensory: 21.16 vs. 21.44; difference −0.28 (95% −2.30 to 1.74)

A vs. B

2 months

Proportion of Patients who saw Clinically Relevant Improvement (score of <23) in scores: 28% vs. 23%; 0.53 (95% 0.54 to 1.12)

: 21.70 vs. 22.55; difference −0.85 (95% −4.66 to 2.96)

Trait Subscale: 47.86 vs. 48.44; difference −0.58 (95% −4.42 to 3.26)

Proportion of Patients with score <5 indicates good sleep): 17%vs. 7%; 2.38 (95% 0.85 to 2.34)

: 10.01 vs. 10.25; difference −0.24 (95% −1.71 to 1.23)

: 37.66 vs. 35.14; difference 2.52 (95% 0.04 to 5.00)

GCQ: 42.63 vs. 43.91; difference −1.28 (95% −6.51 to 3.95)

PLC: 12.83 vs. 12.16; difference 0.67 (95% −0.60 to 1.94)

A vs. C

2 months

Proportion of Patients who saw Clinically Relevant Improvement (score of <23) in scores: 28% vs. 19%; 1.52 (95% 0.85 to 2.04)

: 21.7 vs. 24.0; difference −2.3 (95% −5.96 to 1.36)

Trait Subscale: 47.9 vs. 49.2; difference −1.32 (95% −5.02 to 2.38

Proportion of Patients with score <5 indicates good sleep): 17% vs. 10%; 1.67 (95% 0.80 to 2.14)

: 10.0 vs. 10.4; difference −0.36 (95% −1.8 to 1.1)

: 37.7 vs. 36.1; difference 1.5 (95% −0.9 to 3.91)

GCQ: 42.6 vs. 45.3; difference −2.7 (95% −7.8 to 2.5)

PLC: 12.8 vs. 12.3; difference 0.5 (95% −0.7 to 1.7)

Van Gordon, 2017

6 months

Duration of pain:

Fair

[New trial]

A. Meditation Awareness Training (MAT) (n=74): MAT is a second-generation mindfulness-based intervention (SG-MBI); 1, 2-hour session per week for 8 weeks in addition to receiving a CD of guided meditations to facilitate daily self-practice

B. “Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Groups" (CBTG) (attention control) (n=74): designed to be educational only and an attention control condition.

A vs. B

Age (mean): 46 vs. 47 years

Female: 82% vs. 84%

Baseline -R (0-100): 55.2 vs. 54.0

A vs. B

6 months

-R: 45.7 vs. 52.4, adjusted difference −7.9 (95% −8.2 to −4.3), p<0.001

A vs. B

6 months

(0-21): 11.4 vs. 13.6, adjusted difference −2.3 (95% −2.9 to −1.6), p<0.001

(0-45): 23.8 vs. 26.4, adjusted difference v3.0 (95% −4.1 to −1.9), p<0.001

(0-100): 20.7 vs. 25.2, adjusted difference −4.9 (95% −6.3 to −3.4), p<0.001

NAS (0-42): 22.8 (5.4) vs. 19.1, adjusted difference 3.6 (95% 2.5 to 4.6), p<0.001

= Beck Depression Inventory; = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; = confidence interval; = Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; = Fatigue Symptom Inventory; = Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; = Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; FSI = Fatigue Symptom Inventory; GCQ = Giessen Complaint Questionnaire; = minimal clinically important difference; PLC = Profile for the Chronically Ill; = Pain Perception Scale; = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; = Perceived Stress Scale; = risk ratio; = Short-Form McGill Pain Questionaire; SDQ = Stanford Sleep Disorders Questionnaire; = State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory; = visual analog scale

a

Unless otherwise noted, followup time is calculated from the end of the treatment period

b

Sephton is the same population as Cash 2015 but the focus of the study was on depression (Beck Depression Inventory).

c

symptom severity is comprised of visual analog ratings of pain, fatigue, morning sleepiness, stiffness, anxiety, and depression

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.

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