Table 48Chronic low back pain: effects of nonpharmacological interventions compared with usual care, placebo, sham, attention control, or waitlist

Intervention

Function

Short-Term

Effect Size

Function

Intermediate-Term

Effect Size

Function

Long-Term

Effect Size

Pain

Short-Term

Effect Size

Pain

Intermediate-Term

Effect Size

Pain

Long-Term

Effect Size

Exercise

small

++

none

+

none

+

moderate

+

small

+

moderate

+

Psychological Therapies: Primarily

small

++

small

++

small

++

small

++

small

++

small

++

Physical Modalities: Short-Wave Diathermyinsufficient evidenceno evidenceno evidenceinsufficient evidenceno evidenceno evidence
Physical Modalities: Ultrasoundinsufficient evidenceno evidenceno evidence

none

+

no evidenceno evidence
Physical Modalities: Interferential Therapy

none

+

no evidenceno evidence

none

+

no evidenceno evidence
Physical Modalities: Low-Level Laser Therapy

small

+

none

+

no evidence

moderate

+

none

+

no evidence
Manual Therapies: Spinal Manipulation

small

+

small

+

no evidence

none

+

small

++

no evidence
Manual Therapies: Massage

small

++

none

+

no evidence

small

++

none

+

no evidence
Manual Therapies: Traction

none

+

no evidenceno evidence

none

+

no evidenceno evidence
Mindfulness Practices:

none

+

none

+

none

+

small

++

small

+

none

+

Mind-Body Practices: Yoga

moderate

++

small

+

no evidence

small

+

moderate

++

no evidence
Acupuncture

small

+

none

+

none

+

small

++

none

+

small

+

Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation

small

+

small

+

none

+

small

++

small

++

none

+

Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months

Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement

Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high

= cognitive-behavioral therapy; = mindfulness-based stress reduction; none = no effect/no statistically significant effect; = strength of evidence.

a

and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials.

b

upgraded one level from prior report.

c

Effect size upgraded one level from prior report and downgraded one level.

d

No interferential therapy trials were in the prior review.

e

Effect size upgraded one level from prior report.

f

Effect size downgraded one level from prior report.

From: Discussion

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.

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