| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological Therapies: Operant Therapy | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Low-Level Laser Therapy | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence | small + | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Spinal Manipulation | none + | none + | no evidence | none + | small + | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Massage | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence | none + | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Yoga | none + | none + | no evidence | small + | none + | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Qigong | none + | small favoring exercise + | no evidence | small favoring exercise + | none + | no evidence |
| Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation | small ++ | small ++ | none + | small ++ | small ++ | none + |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
none = no effect/no statistically significant effect; SOE = strength of evidence.
From: Discussion
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