| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | small ++ | moderateb + | small + | small ++ | moderate + | smallb + |
| Psychological Therapies: Pain Coping, CBT | none + | none + | none + | smallb + | none + | none + |
| Physical Modalities: Microwave Diathermy | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Pulsed Short-Wave Diathermy | insufficient evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Ultrasound | nonec + | none + | no evidence | nonec + | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: TENS | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Low-Level Laser Therapy | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Electromagnetic Field | none + | no evidence | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Superficial Heat | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Braces | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Joint Manipulation | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Massage | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Tai Chi | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence |
| Acupuncture | none + | none ++ | no evidence | none + | none ++ | no evidence |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
SOE and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials.
Effect size upgraded one level from prior report.
Effect size downgraded one level from prior report.
From: Discussion
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