| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | small + | small ++ | none + | small ++ | none ++ | none ++ |
| Psychological Therapies: CBT | noneb + | moderatec + | insufficient evidence | smalld + | smallc + | insufficient evidence |
| Psychological Therapies: Biofeedback, Imagery | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Magnetic Pads | insufficient evidence | none + | no evidence | insufficient evidence | none + | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Massage (Myofascial Release) | no evidence | small + | none + | insufficient evidence | insufficient evidence | small + |
| Mindfulness Practices: MBSR, MAT | none ++ | smalle + | no evidence | none ++ | smalle + | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Qigong, Tai Chi | small + | no evidence | no evidence | moderate + | no evidence | no evidence |
| Acupuncture | smalld ++ | small ++ | no evidence | noned + | none + | no evidence |
| Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation | small + | small + | small + | none + | small + | none + |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
SOE and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials
Effect size downgraded one level from prior report
Effect size upgraded one level from prior report
New trial(s) did not change effect size or SOE
New trial reporting intermediate term effects
From: Discussion
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.