| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | none + | none + | small + | none + | none + | none + |
| Psychological Therapies: PT-Led Relaxation Training | none + | none + | no evidence | none + | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Low-Level Laser Therapy | moderate ++ | no evidence | no evidence | moderate ++ | no evidence | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Massage | smallb + | none + | no evidence | moderatec + | no evidence | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Alexander Technique | small + | small + | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Acupuncture | small + | small + | none + | none + | none + | none + |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
SOE and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials
Effect size upgraded one level from prior AHRQ report.
There was no evidence for short-term pain in the prior AHRQ report.
From: Evidence Summary
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