| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | small ++ | moderateb + | small + | small ++ | moderate + | smallb + |
| Psychological Therapies: Pain Coping, CBT | none + | none + | none + | smallb + | none + | none + |
| Physical Modalities: Ultrasound | nonec + | none + | no evidence | nonec + | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: TENS | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Electromagnetic Field | none + | no evidence | no evidence | none + | no evidence | no evidence |
| Acupuncture | none + | none ++ | no evidence | none + | none ++ | no evidence |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
SOE and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials.
Effect size upgraded one level from prior AHRQ report.
Effect size downgraded one level from prior AHRQ report.
From: Evidence Summary
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