JAMA Netw Open 2025 (Sep 2); 8 (9): e2531348

Figure 1. Study Flow Diagram.

EA = standard plus enhanced acupuncture;
LBP = low back pain;
PCP = primary care provider;
SA = standard acupuncture; and
UMC = usual medical care.

^aOne participant had 0 SA sessions but attended EA sessions.

^bThose who withdrew from the study or died may have completed follow-up assessments prior to the event and would consequently be counted as having completed any follow-up.