NONINVASIVE NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC PAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW UPDATE (2020)
 
   
 

Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain:
A Systematic Review Update
(April 16, 2020).

Andrea C. Skelly, Ph.D., M.P.H., Roger Chou, M.D., Joseph R. Dettori, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.P.T.,
Judith A. Turner, Ph.D., et al.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 (Apr)


This section was compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.
Send all comments or additions to:
  Frankp@chiro.org
 
   

References

  1. Ballantyne JC, Shin NS.
    Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence.
    Clin J Pain. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(6):469–78.
    doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f26. PMID: 18574357

  2. Eriksen J, Sjogren P, Bruera E, et al.
    Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.
    Pain. 2006 Nov;125(1-2):172–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.009. PMID: 16842922

  3. Institute of Medicine.
    Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research
    Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.

  4. Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, et al.
    Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults - United States, 2016
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 (Sep 14);   67 (36):   1001-1006

  5. Kuehn B.
    Chronic Pain Prevalence
    JAMA. 2018 (Oct 23);   320 (16):   1632

  6. Merskey H, Bogduk N, eds.
    Classification of chronic pain:
    Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed.
    Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.

  7. Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al.
    A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11.
    Pain. 2015 Jun;156(6):1003–7.
    doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. PMID: 25844555

  8. [No authors listed].
    Classification of chronic pain.
    Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms.
    Prepared by the International Association for the Study of Pain,
    Subcommittee on Taxonomy.
    Pain Suppl. 1986;3:S1–226. PMID: 3461421

  9. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health.
    National Pain Strategy: A Comprehensive Population
    Health-Level Strategy for Pain

    Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services,
    National Institutes of Health; 2016.

  10. Boudreau D, Von Korff M, Rutter CM, et al.
    Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain.
    Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 Dec;18(12):1166–75.
    doi: 10.1002/pds.1833. PMID: 19718704

  11. Olsen Y, Daumit GL, Ford DE.
    Opioid prescriptions by U.S. primary care physicians from 1992 to 2001.
    J Pain. 2006 Apr;7(4):225–35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.11.006. PMID: 16618466

  12. Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Fan MY, et al.
    Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000-2005 in commercial and Medicaid
    insurance plans: the TROUP study.
    Pain. 2008 Aug 31;138(2):440–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.027. PMID: 18547726

  13. Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al.
    The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain:
    a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop.
    Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):276–86.
    doi: 10.7326/M14-2559. PMID: 25581257

  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers--United States, 1999-2008.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 4;60(43):1487–92. PMID: 22048730

  15. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R.
    CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain: United States, 2016
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    Recommendations and Reports Vol. 65 No. 1 March 18, 2016

  16. Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
    Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
    Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 209.
    Effective Health Care Program. Rockville, MD:
    AHRQ Publication No 18-EHC013-EF.
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. June 2018.

  17. National Center for Health Statistics.
    Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying.
    Hyattsville, MD: 2011.

  18. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews.
    AHRQ Publication No. 10(14)-EHC063-EF.
    Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. January 2014.
    Chapters available at: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov.

  19. Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, Skelly A, Hashimoto R, Weimer M, et al.
    Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an
    American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline

    Annals of Internal Medicine 2017 (Apr 4); 166 (7): 493–505

  20. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society.
    The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition
    (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629–808

  21. Higgins JPT, Green S, eds.
    Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0
    [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration.
    Available from http://handbook.cochrane.org.; 2011.

  22. Furlan AD, Malmivaara A, Chou R, et al. 2015
    Updated Method Guideline for Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Nov;40(21):1660–73.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001061. PMID: 26208232

  23. McCracken LM, Vowles KE.
    Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for chronic pain: model, process, and progress.
    Am Psychol. 2014 Feb-Mar;69(2):178–87.
    doi: 10.1037/a0035623. PMID: 24547803

  24. A collection of R functions supporting the text book Modern Epidemiology, Second Edition,
    by Kenneth J. Rothman and Sander Greenland.
    GitHub, Inc.; 2017. https://github.com/epijim/episheet. Accessed October 13, 2017.

  25. DerSimonian R, Laird N.
    Meta-analysis in clinical trials.
    Control Clin Trials. 1986 Sep;7(3):177–88. PMID: 3802833

  26. Hardy RJ, Thompson SG.
    A likelihood approach to meta-analysis with random effects.
    Stat Med. 1996 Mar 30;15(6):619–29.
    doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960330)15:6<619::AID-SIM188>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID: 8731004

  27. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al.
    Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.
    BMJ. 2003 Sep 06;327(7414):557–60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557. PMID: 12958120

  28. Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, Skelly A, Hashimoto R, Weimer M, et al.
    Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain
    Comparative Effectiveness Review no. 169
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; (February 2016)

  29. Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Ansari M, et al.
    Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence When Assessing Health Care Interventions for the
    Effective Health Care Program of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:
    An Update.
    Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD); 2008.

  30. Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Ansari MT, et al.
    Grading the strength of a body of evidence when assessing health care interventions: an EPC update.
    J Clin Epidemiol. 2015 Nov;68(11):1312–24.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.023. PMID: 25721570

  31. Costa LO, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al.
    Motor control exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
    Phys Ther. 2009 Dec;89(12):1275–86. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090218. PMID: 19892856

  32. Goldby LJ, Moore AP, Doust J, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic
    low back disorder.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 01;31(10):1083–93.
    doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000216464.37504.64. PMID: 16648741

  33. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, et al.
    The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain.
    Effect on pain intensity, self-experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 May 15;24(10):1034–42. PMID: 10332798

  34. Nassif H, Brosset N, Guillaume M, et al.
    Evaluation of a randomized controlled trial in the management of chronic lower back pain in a
    French automotive industry: an observational study.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Dec;92(12):1927–36.e4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.06.029. PMID: 22133239

  35. Miyamoto GC, Costa LO, Galvanin T, et al.
    Efficacy of the addition of modified Pilates exercises to a minimal intervention in patients with
    chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    Phys Ther. 2013 Mar;93(3):310–20. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120190. PMID: 23064732

  36. Natour J, Cazotti Lde A, Ribeiro LH, et al.
    Pilates improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Clin Rehabil. 2015 Jan;29(1):59–68.
    doi: 10.1177/0269215514538981. PMID: 24965957

  37. Bramberg EB, Bergstrom G, Jensen I, et al.
    Effects of yoga, strength training and advice on back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2017 03 29;18(1):132.
    doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1497-1. PMID: 28356091

  38. Areeudomwong P, Wongrat W, Neammesri N, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial on the long-term effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
    training, on pain-related outcomes and back muscle activity, in patients with chronic low back pain.
    Musculoskeletal Care. 2017 09;15(3):218–29.
    doi: 10.1002/msc.1165. PMID: 27791345

  39. Garcia AN, Costa L, Hancock MJ, et al.
    McKenzie Method of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy was slightly more effective than placebo for pain,
    but not for disability, in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain:
    a randomised placebo controlled trial with short and longer term follow-up.
    British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018 May;52(9):594–600.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097327. PMID: 28701365

  40. Mazloum V, Sahebozamani M, Barati A, et al.
    Randomized clinical trial The effects of selective Pilates versus extension-based exercises on
    rehabilitation of low back pain.
    Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2017(pagination) PMID: 30368347

  41. Andersen LL, Jorgensen MB, Blangsted AK, et al.
    A randomized controlled intervention trial to relieve and prevent neck/shoulder pain.
    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jun;40(6):983–90.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181676640. PMID: 18461010

  42. Lauche R, Stumpe C, Fehr J, et al.
    The Effects of Tai Chi and Neck Exercises in the Treatment of Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain:
    A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    J Pain. 2016 Sep;17(9):1013–27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.06.004. PMID: 27345663

  43. Li X, Lin C, Liu C, et al.
    Comparison of the effectiveness of resistance training in women with chronic computer-related neck pain:
    a randomized controlled study.
    Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2017 May 20
    doi: 10.1007/s00420-017-1230-2. PMID: 28528354

  44. Stewart MJ, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al.
    Randomized controlled trial of exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders.
    Pain. 2007 Mar;128(1-2):59–68. PMID: 17029788

  45. Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J, et al.
    Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, relaxation training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain:
    randomised controlled trial.
    BMJ. 2003 Aug 30;327(7413):475. PMID: 12946968

  46. Waling K, Jarvholm B, Sundelin G.
    Effects of training on female trapezius Myalgia: An intervention study with a 3-year follow-up period.
    Spine. 2002 Apr 15;27(8):789–96. PMID: 11935098

  47. Abbott JH, Robertson MC, Chapple C, et al.
    Manual therapy, exercise therapy, or both, in addition to usual care, for osteoarthritis of the hip
    or knee: a randomized controlled trial. 1: clinical effectiveness.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Apr;21(4):525–34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.12.014. PMID: 23313532

  48. Bennell KL, Hinman RS, Metcalf BR, et al.
    Efficacy of physiotherapy management of knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomised, double blind,
    placebo controlled trial.
    Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Jun;64(6):906–12. PMID: 15897310

  49. Chen TW, Lin CW, Lee CL, et al.
    The efficacy of shock wave therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis and popliteal cyamella.
    Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2014 Jul;30(7):362–70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.03.006. PMID: 24924842

  50. Dias RC, Dias JM, Ramos LR.
    Impact of an exercise and walking protocol on quality of life for elderly people with OA of the knee.
    Physiother Res Int. 2003;8(3):121–30. PMID: 14533368

  51. Ettinger WH, Jr., Burns R, Messier SP, et al.
    A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program
    in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST).
    JAMA. 1997 Jan 1;277(1):25–31. PMID: 8980206

  52. Huang MH, Lin YS, Lee CL, et al.
    Use of ultrasound to increase effectiveness of isokinetic exercise for knee osteoarthritis.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Aug;86(8):1545–51. PMID: 16084806

  53. Huang MH, Lin YS, Yang RC, et al.
    A comparison of various therapeutic exercises on the functional status of patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jun;32(6):398–406. PMID: 12833248

  54. Huang MH, Yang RC, Lee CL, et al.
    Preliminary results of integrated therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Dec 15;53(6):812–20. PMID: 16342083

  55. Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    J Rehabil Med. 2008 Feb;40(2):137–44.
    doi: 10.2340/16501977-0134. PMID: 18509579

  56. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al.
    Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis:
    the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1501–10.
    doi: 10.1002/art.20256. PMID: 15146420

  57. Penninx BW, Messier SP, Rejeski WJ, et al.
    Physical exercise and the prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older persons
    with osteoarthritis.
    Arch Intern Med. 2001 Oct 22;161(19):2309–16. PMID: 11606146

  58. Penninx BW, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, et al.
    Exercise and depressive symptoms: a comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional
    and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology.
    J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2002 Mar;57(2):P124–32. PMID: 11867660

  59. Quilty B, Tucker M, Campbell R, et al.
    Physiotherapy, including quadriceps exercises and patellar taping, for knee osteoarthritis with
    predominant patello-femoral joint involvement: randomized controlled trial.
    J Rheumatol. 2003 Jun;30(6):1311–7. PMID: 12784408

  60. Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP, et al.
    Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life.
    Health Psychol. 2002 Sep;21(5):419–26. PMID: 12211508

  61. Rosedale R, Rastogi R, May S, et al.
    Efficacy of exercise intervention as determined by the McKenzie System of Mechanical Diagnosis
    and Therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.
    J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Mar;44(3):173–81, A1–6.
    doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.4791. PMID: 24450370

  62. Segal NA, Glass NA, Teran-Yengle P, et al.
    Intensive gait training for older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Oct;94(10 Suppl 1):848–58.
    doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000264. PMID: 25768068

  63. Sullivan T, Allegrante JP, Peterson MG, et al.
    One-year followup of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who participated in a program of
    supervised fitness walking and supportive patient education.
    Arthritis Care Res. 1998 Aug;11(4):228–33. PMID: 9791321

  64. Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M, et al.
    Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial.
    BMJ. 2002 Oct 5;325(7367):752. PMID: 12364304

  65. Thorstensson CA, Roos EM, Petersson IF, et al.
    Six-week high-intensity exercise program for middle-aged patients with knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN20244858].
    BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:27. PMID: 15924620

  66. Weng MC, Lee CL, Chen CH, et al.
    Effects of different stretching techniques on the outcomes of isokinetic exercise in patients with
    knee osteoarthritis.
    Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2009 Jun;25(6):306–15.
    doi: 10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70521-2. PMID: 19560995

  67. Williamson L, Wyatt MR, Yein K, et al.
    Severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture, physiotherapy (supervised exercise)
    and standard management for patients awaiting knee replacement.
    Rheumatology. 2007 Sep;46(9):1445–9. PMID: 17604311

  68. Allen KD, Arbeeva L, Callahan LF, et al.
    Physical therapy vs internet-based exercise training for patients with knee osteoarthritis:
    results of a randomized controlled trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018 Mar;26(3):383–96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.12.008. PMID: CN-01449671 NEW

  69. de Rooij M, van der Leeden M, Cheung J, et al.
    Efficacy of Tailored Exercise Therapy on Physical Functioning in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
    and Comorbidity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Jun;69(6):807–16.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.23013. PMID: 27563831

  70. Mat S, Ng CT, Tan PJ, et al.
    Effect of Modified Otago Exercises on Postural Balance, Fear of Falling, and Fall Risk in Older
    Fallers With Knee Osteoarthritis and Impaired Gait and Balance: a Secondary Analysis.
    PM R. 2017 Mar;10(3):254–62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.08.405. PMID: 28827207

  71. Waller B, Munukka M, Rantalainen T, et al.
    Effects of high intensity resistance aquatic training on body composition and walking speed in women
    with mild knee osteoarthritis: a 4-month RCT with 12-month follow-up.
    Osteoarthritis & Cartilage. 2017 08;25(8):1238–46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.800. PMID: 28263901

  72. Juhakoski R, Tenhonen S, Malmivaara A, et al.
    A pragmatic randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and cost consequences of exercise
    therapy in hip osteoarthritis.
    Clinical Rehabilitation. 2011 Apr;25(4):370–83.
    doi: 10.1177/0269215510388313. PMID: 21078702

  73. Tak E, Staats P, Van Hespen A, et al.
    The effects of an exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis of the hip.
    J Rheumatol. 2005 Jun;32(6):1106–13. PMID: 15940775

  74. Teirlinck CH, Luijsterburg PA, Dekker J, et al.
    Effectiveness of exercise therapy added to general practitioner care in patients with hip osteoarthritis:
    a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016 Jan;24(1):82–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.023. PMID: 26254237

  75. Osteras N, Hagen KB, Grotle M, et al.
    Limited effects of exercises in people with hand osteoarthritis:
    results from a randomized controlled trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014 Sep;22(9):1224–33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.036. PMID: 25008206

  76. Altan L, Korkmaz N, Bingol U, et al.
    Effect of pilates training on people with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Dec;90(12):1983–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.06.021. PMID: 19969158

  77. Baptista AS, Villela AL, Jones A, et al.
    Effectiveness of dance in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, single-blind, controlled study.
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Nov-Dec;30(6 Suppl 74):18–23. Epub 2012 Dec 14. PMID: 23020850

  78. Buckelew SP, Conway R, Parker J, et al.
    Biofeedback/relaxation training and exercise interventions for fibromyalgia: a prospective trial.
    Arthritis Care Res. 1998 Jun;11(3):196–209. PMID: 9782811

  79. Clarke-Jenssen AC, Mengshoel AM, Strumse YS, et al.
    Effect of a fibromyalgia rehabilitation programme in warm versus cold climate: a randomized controlled study.
    J Rehabil Med. 2014 Jul;46(7):676–83.
    doi: 10.2340/16501977-1819. PMID: 24788929

  80. Da Costa D, Abrahamowicz M, Lowensteyn I, et al.
    A randomized clinical trial of an individualized home-based exercise programme for women with fibromyalgia.
    Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Nov;44(11):1422–7. Epub 2005 Jul 19. PMID: 16030079

  81. Fontaine KR, Conn L, Clauw DJ.
    Effects of lifestyle physical activity on perceived symptoms and physical function in adults with
    fibromyalgia: results of a randomized trial.
    Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R55.
    doi: 10.1186/ar2967. PMID: 20353551

  82. Fontaine KR, Conn L, Clauw DJ.
    Effects of lifestyle physical activity in adults with fibromyalgia: results at follow-up.
    J Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Mar;17(2):64–8.
    doi: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e31820e7ea7. PMID: 21325963

  83. Giannotti E, Koutsikos K, Pigatto M, et al.
    Medium-/long-term effects of a specific exercise protocol combined with patient education on
    spine mobility, chronic fatigue, pain, aerobic fitness and level of disability in fibromyalgia.
    BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:474029.
    doi: 10.1155/2014/474029. PMID: 24616894

  84. Gowans SE, deHueck A, Voss S, et al.
    Effect of a randomized, controlled trial of exercise on mood and physical function in individuals with fibromyalgia.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Dec;45(6):519–29. PMID: 11762688

  85. Gusi N, Tomas?Carus P, Hไkkinen A, et al.
    Exercise in waisthigh warm water decreases pain and improves healthrelated quality of life and strength
    in the lower extremities in women with fibromyalgia.
    Arthritis Care Res. 2006;55(1):66–73. PMID: 16463415

  86. Kayo AH, Peccin MS, Sanches CM, et al.
    Effectiveness of physical activity in reducing pain in patients with fibromyalgia:
    a blinded randomized clinical trial.
    Rheumatol Int. 2012 Aug;32(8):2285–92.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1958-z. PMID: 21594719

  87. King SJ, Wessel J, Bhambhani Y, et al.
    The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia.
    J Rheumatol. 2002 Dec;29(12):2620–7. PMID: 12465163

  88. Mannerkorpi K, Nordeman L, Ericsson A, et al.
    Pool exercise for patients with fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain:
    a randomized controlled trial and subgroup analyses.
    J Rehabil Med. 2009 Sep;41(9):751–60.
    doi: 10.2340/16501977-0409. PMID: 19774310

  89. Paolucci T, Vetrano M, Zangrando F, et al.
    MMPI-2 profiles and illness perception in fibromyalgia syndrome:
    The role of therapeutic exercise as adapted physical activity.
    J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(1):101–9. PMID: 25061029

  90. Sanudo B, Carrasco L, de Hoyo M, et al.
    Vagal modulation and symptomatology following a 6-month aerobic exercise program for women with fibromyalgia.
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015 Jan-Feb;33(1 Suppl 88):S41–5. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25786042

  91. Sanudo B, Carrasco L, de Hoyo M, et al.
    Effects of exercise training and detraining in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome:
    a 3-yr longitudinal study.
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Jul;91(7):561–9; quiz 70-3.
    doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31824faa03. PMID: 22469880

  92. Sanudo B, Galiano D, Carrasco L, et al.
    Aerobic exercise versus combined exercise therapy in women with fibromyalgia syndrome:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Dec;91(12):1838–43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.006. PMID: 21112423

  93. Sencan S, Ak S, Karan A, et al.
    A study to compare the therapeutic efficacy ofaerobic exercise and paroxetine in fibromyalgia syndrome.
    J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2004;17(2):57–61.

  94. Tomas-Carus P, Gusi N, Hakkinen A, et al.
    Eight months of physical training in warm water improves physical and mental health in women with fibromyalgia:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    J Rehabil Med. 2008 Apr;40(4):248–52.
    doi: 10.2340/16501977-0168. PMID: 18382819

  95. Tomas-Carus P, Gusi N, Hakkinen A, et al.
    Improvements of muscle strength predicted benefits in HRQOL and postural balance in women
    with fibromyalgia: an 8-month randomized controlled trial.
    Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Sep;48(9):1147–51.
    doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep208. Epub 2009 Jul 14. PMID: 19605373

  96. van Eijk-Hustings Y, Kroese M, Tan F, et al.
    Challenges in demonstrating the effectiveness of multidisciplinary treatment on quality of life,
    participation and health care utilisation in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial.
    Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Feb;32(2):199–209.
    doi: 10.1007/s10067-012-2100-7. Epub 2012 Oct 10. PMID: 29053692

  97. van Santen M, Bolwijn P, Verstappen F, et al.
    A randomized clinical trial comparing fitness and biofeedback training versus basic treatment in patients
    with fibromyalgia.
    J Rheumatol. 2002 Mar;29(3):575–81. PMID: 11908576

  98. Wigers SH, Stiles TC, Vogel PA.
    Effects of aerobic exercise versus stress management treatment in fibromyalgia.
    A 4.5 year prospective study.
    Scand J Rheumatol. 1996;25(2):77–86. PMID: 8614771

  99. Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, Dominguez-Munoz FJ, et al.
    Benefits of 24-Week Exergame Intervention on Health-Related Quality of Life and Pain in Women with
    Fibromyalgia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Games Health J. 2019 Dec;8(6):380–6.
    doi: 10.1089/g4h.2019.0023. PMID: 31259617

  100. Aslan Telci E, Karaduman A.
    Effects of three different conservative treatments on pain, disability, quality of life, and mood
    in patients with cervical spondylosis.
    Rheumatology International. 2012 Apr;32(4):1033–40.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1751-4. PMID: 21246365

  101. de Araujo Cazotti L, Jones A, Roger-Silva D, et al.
    Effectiveness of the Pilates Method in the Treatment of Chronic Mechanical Neck Pain:
    a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Sep;99(9):1740–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.018. PMID: 29752907

  102. Holsgaard-Larsen A, Christensen R, Clausen B, et al.
    One year effectiveness of neuromuscular exercise compared with instruction in analgesic use on knee
    function in patients with early knee osteoarthritis: the EXERPHARMA randomized trial.
    Osteoarthritis & Cartilage. 2018 01;26(1):28–33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.10.015. PMID: 29107059

  103. Holsgaard-Larsen A, Clausen B, Sondergaard J, et al.
    The effect of instruction in analgesic use compared with neuromuscular exercise on knee-joint load
    in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 Apr;25(4):470–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.022. PMID: 27836677

  104. Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Balderson BH, et al.
    Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction vs cognitive behavioral therapy or usual care on back pain
    and functional limitations in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.
    JAMA. 2016 Mar 22-29;315(12):1240–9.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2323. PMID: 27002445

  105. Johnson RE, Jones GT, Wiles NJ, et al.
    Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disabling low back pain:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Jul 01;32(15):1578–85.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318074f890. PMID: 17621203

  106. Lamb SE, Hansen Z, Lall R, et al.
    Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low-back pain in primary care:
    a randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.
    Lancet. 2010 Mar 13;375(9718):916–23.
    doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62164-4. PMID: 20189241

  107. Lamb SE, Mistry D, Lall R, et al.
    Group cognitive behavioural interventions for low back pain in primary care: extended follow-up
    of the Back Skills Training Trial (ISRCTN54717854).
    Pain. 2012 Feb;153(2):494–501.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.016. PMID: 22226729

  108. Poole H, Glenn S, Murphy P.
    A randomised controlled study of reflexology for the management of chronic low back pain.
    Eur J Pain. 2007 Nov;11(8):878–87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.01.006. PMID: 17459741

  109. Helminen EE, Sinikallio SH, Valjakka AL, et al.
    Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural group intervention for knee osteoarthritis pain:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Clinical Rehabilitation. 2015 Sep;29(9):868–81.
    doi: 10.1177/0269215514558567. PMID: 25413168

  110. Somers TJ, Blumenthal JA, Guilak F, et al.
    Pain coping skills training and lifestyle behavioral weight management in patients with knee
    osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study.
    Pain. 2012 Jun;153(6):1199–209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.023. PMID: 22503223

  111. Gilbert AL, Lee J, Ehrlich-Jones L, et al.
    A randomized trial of a motivational interviewing intervention to increase lifestyle physical activity
    and improve self-reported function in adults with arthritis.
    Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2018 04;47(5):732–40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.10.003. PMID: 29096934

  112. O’Moore K A, Newby JM, Andrews G, et al.
    Internet Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis:
    a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018 Jan;70(1):61–70.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.23257. PMID: 28426917

  113. Alda M, Luciano JV, Andres E, et al.
    Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of catastrophisation in patients with
    fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial.
    Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(5):R173.
    doi: 10.1186/ar3496. PMID: 22018333

  114. Ang DC, Chakr R, Mazzuca S, et al.
    Cognitive-behavioral therapy attenuates nociceptive responding in patients with fibromyalgia:
    a pilot study.
    Arthritis Care Res. 2010 May;62(5):618–23.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.20119. PMID: 20191481

  115. Castel A, Cascon R, Padrol A, et al.
    Multicomponent cognitive-behavioral group therapy with hypnosis for the treatment of fibromyalgia:
    long-term outcome.
    J Pain. 2012 Mar;13(3):255–65.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.11.005. Epub 2 Jan 29. PMID: 22285609

  116. Jensen KB, Kosek E, Wicksell R, et al.
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy increases pain-evoked activation of the prefrontal cortex in patients with
    fibromyalgia.[Erratum appears in Pain. 2012 Sep;153(9):1982].
    Pain. 2012 Jul;153(7):1495–503.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.010. PMID: 22617632

  117. Thieme K, Flor H, Turk DC.
    Psychological pain treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: efficacy of operant behavioural and cognitive
    behavioural treatments.
    Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R121.
    doi: 10.1186/ar2010. PMID: 16859516

  118. Verkaik R, Busch M, Koeneman T, et al.
    Guided imagery in people with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial of effects on pain,
    functional status and self-efficacy.
    J Health Psychol. 2014 May;19(5):678–88. PMID: 23520350

  119. Wicksell RK, Kemani M, Jensen K, et al.
    Acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.
    Eur J Pain. 2013 Apr;17(4):599–611.
    doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00224.x. PMID: 23090719

  120. Williams DA, Cary MA, Groner KH, et al.
    Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: a brief cognitive behavioral intervention.
    J Rheumatol. 2002 Jun;29(6):1280–6. PMID: 12064847

  121. Lami MJ, Martinez MP, Miro E, et al.
    Efficacy of Combined Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia:
    a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Cognitive therapy and research. 2017 PMID: CN-01420705 NEW.

  122. Luciano JV, D’Amico F, Feliu-Soler A, et al.
    Cost-Utility of Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Fibromyalgia Versus Recommended Drugs:
    An Economic Analysis Alongside a 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial Conducted in Spain
    (EFFIGACT Study).
    Journal of Pain. 2017 Jul;18(7):868–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.001. PMID: 28342891

  123. Luciano JV, Guallar JA, Aguado J, et al.
    Effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia:
    a 6-month randomized controlled trial (EFFIGACT study).
    Pain. 2014 Apr;155(4):693–702.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.029. PMID: 24378880

  124. Lumley MA, Schubiner H, Lockhart NA, et al.
    Emotional awareness and expression therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and education for fibromyalgia:
    a cluster-randomized controlled trial.
    Pain. 2017 Dec;158(12):2354–63.
    doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001036. PMID: 28796118

  125. Baumueller E, Winkelmann A, Irnich D, et al.
    Electromyogram Biofeedback in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Complementary Medical Research. 2017;24(1):33–9.
    doi: 10.1159/000454692. PMID: 28192782

  126. Karlsson B, Burell G, Anderberg UM, et al.
    Cognitive behaviour therapy in women with fibromyalgia: A randomized clinical trial.
    Scand J Pain. 2015 Oct 1;9(1):11–21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.04.027. PMID: 29911653

  127. McCrae CS, Williams J, Roditi D, et al.
    Cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia and pain in adults with comorbid chronic insomnia
    and fibromyalgia: clinical outcomes from the SPIN randomized controlled trial.
    Sleep. 2019 Mar 1;42(3)
    doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy234. PMID: 30496533

  128. Blanchard EB, Appelbaum KA, Radnitz CL, et al.
    Placebo-controlled evaluation of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation and of relaxation combined
    with cognitive therapy in the treatment of tension headache.
    J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990 Apr;58(2):210–5. PMID: 2186066

  129. Holroyd KA, O’Donnell FJ, Stensland M, et al.
    Management of chronic tension-type headache with tricyclic antidepressant medication, stress management
    therapy, and their combination: a randomized controlled trial.
    JAMA. 2001 May 2;285(17):2208–15. PMID: 11325322

  130. Falcใo DM, Sales L, Leite JR, et al.
    Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
    J Musculoskelet Pain. 2008;16(3):133–40.

  131. Kayiran S, Dursun E, Dursun N, et al.
    Neurofeedback intervention in fibromyalgia syndrome; a randomized, controlled, rater blind clinical trial.
    Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010 Dec;35(4):293–302.
    doi: 10.1007/s10484-010-9135-9. PMID: 20614235

  132. Holroyd KA, Nash JM, Pingel JD, et al.
    A comparison of pharmacological (amitriptyline HCL) and nonpharmacological (cognitive-behavioral) therapies
    for chronic tension headaches.
    J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991 Jun;59(3):387–93. PMID: 2071723

  133. Turner JA, Clancy S, McQuade KJ, et al.
    Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: a component analysis.
    J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990 Oct;58(5):573–9. PMID: 2147702

  134. Bennell KL, Ahamed Y, Jull G, et al.
    Physical Therapist-Delivered Pain Coping Skills Training and Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis:
    Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 May;68(5):590–602.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.22744. PMID: 26417720

  135. Larsson A, Palstam A, Lofgren M, et al.
    Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia-a randomized
    controlled trial.
    Arthritis Res Ther. 2015 Jun 18;17:161.
    doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0679-1. PMID: 26084281

  136. Redondo JR, Justo CM, Moraleda FV, et al.
    Long-term efficacy of therapy in patients with fibromyalgia: a physical exercise-based program and a
    cognitive-behavioral approach.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr 15;51(2):184–92. PMID: 15077258

  137. Beurskens AJ, de Vet HC, Koke AJ, et al.
    Efficacy of traction for nonspecific low back pain. 12-week and 6-month results of a randomized clinical trial.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Dec 01;22(23):2756–62. PMID: 9431610

  138. Schimmel JJ, de Kleuver M, Horsting PP, et al.
    No effect of traction in patients with low back pain: a single centre, single blind, randomized controlled
    trial of Intervertebral Differential Dynamics Therapy.
    Eur Spine J. 2009 Dec;18(12):1843–50.
    doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-1044-3. PMID: 19484433

  139. Ebadi S, Ansari NN, Naghdi S, et al.
    The effect of continuous ultrasound on chronic non-specific low back pain: a single blind placebo-controlled
    randomized trial.
    BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012 Oct 02;13:192.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-192. PMID: 23031570

  140. Licciardone JC, Minotti DE, Gatchel RJ, et al.
    Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    Ann Fam Med. 2013 Mar-Apr;11(2):122–9.
    doi: 10.1370/afm.1468. PMID: 23508598

  141. Soriano F, Rํos R.
    Gallium arsenide laser treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized and double blind study.
    Laser Ther. 1998;10(4):175–80.

  142. Basford JR, Sheffield CG, Harmsen WS.
    Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation
    on musculoskeletal back pain.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Jun;80(6):647–52. PMID: 10378490

  143. Gibson T, Grahame R, Harkness J, et al.
    Controlled comparison of short-wave diathermy treatment with osteopathic treatment in non-specific low back pain.
    Lancet. 1985 Jun 01;1(8440):1258–61. PMID: 2860453

  144. Correa JB, Costa LO, Oliveira NT, et al.
    Effects of the carrier frequency of interferential current on pain modulation and central hypersensitivity
    in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.
    European Journal of Pain. 2016 11;20(10):1653–66.
    doi: 10.1002/ejp.889. PMID: 27150263

  145. Altan L, Bingol U, Aykac M, et al.
    Investigation of the effect of GaAs laser therapy on cervical myofascial pain syndrome.
    Rheumatol Int. 2005 Jan;25(1):23–7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-003-0396-y. PMID: 14673617

  146. Chiu TT, Ng JK, Walther-Zhang B, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of intermittent cervical traction for patients
    with chronic neck pain.
    Clinical Rehabilitation. 2011 Sep;25(9):814–22.
    doi: 10.1177/0269215511399590. PMID: 21427150

  147. Chow RT, Heller GZ, Barnsley L.
    The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Pain. 2006 Sep;124(1-2):201–10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.018. PMID: 16806710

  148. Gur A, Sarac AJ, Cevik R, et al.
    Efficacy of 904 nm gallium arsenide low level laser therapy in the management of chronic myofascial pain
    in the neck: a double-blind and randomize-controlled trial.
    Lasers Surg Med. 2004;35(3):229–35.
    doi: 10.1002/lsm.20082. PMID: 15389743

  149. Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R.
    The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine.
    Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials.
    J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct;21(10):1903–11. PMID: 7837158

  150. Al Rashoud AS, Abboud RJ, Wang W, et al.
    Efficacy of low-level laser therapy applied at acupuncture points in knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomised double-blind comparative trial.
    Physiotherapy. 2014 Sep;100(3):242–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2013.09.007. PMID: 24418801

  151. Battisti E, Piazza E, Rigato M, et al.
    Efficacy and safety of a musically modulated electromagnetic field (TAMMEF) in patients affected by
    knee osteoarthritis.
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 Sep-Oct;22(5):568–72. PMID: 15485009

  152. Brouwer RW, van Raaij TM, Verhaar JA, et al.
    Brace treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee: a prospective randomized multi-centre trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Aug;14(8):777–83. PMID: 16563810

  153. Cakir S, Hepguler S, Ozturk C, et al.
    Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound for the management of knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomized, controlled, and double-blind study.
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 May;93(5):405–12. PMID: 24322433

  154. Fary RE, Carroll GJ, Briffa TG, et al.
    The effectiveness of pulsed electrical stimulation in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee:
    results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures trial.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2011 May;63(5):1333–42.
    doi: 10.1002/art.30258. PMID: 21312188

  155. Fukuda TY, Alves da Cunha R, Fukuda VO, et al.
    Pulsed shortwave treatment in women with knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter, randomized,
    placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Phys Ther. 2011 Jul;91(7):1009–17.
    doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100306. PMID: 21642511

  156. Giombini A, Di Cesare A, Di Cesare M, et al.
    Localized hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in osteoarthritis of the knee:
    a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.
    Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Jun;19(6):980–7. PMID: 21161171

  157. Hegedus B, Viharos L, Gervain M, et al.
    The effect of low-level laser in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized,
    placebo-controlled trial.
    Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Aug;27(4):577–84.
    doi: 10.1089/pho.2008.2297. PMID: 19530911

  158. Laufer Y, Zilberman R, Porat R, et al.
    Effect of pulsed short-wave diathermy on pain and function of subjects with osteoarthritis
    of the knee: a placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.
    Clinical rehabilitation. 2005 May;19(3):255–63. PMID: 15859526

  159. Mazzuca SA, Page MC, Meldrum RD, et al.
    Pilot study of the effects of a heat-retaining knee sleeve on joint pain, stiffness, and function
    in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Oct 15;51(5):716–21. PMID: 15478166

  160. Tascioglu F, Armagan O, Tabak Y, et al.
    Low power laser treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    Swiss Med Wkly. 2004 May 01;134(17-18):254–8. PMID: 15243853

  161. Thamsborg G, Florescu A, Oturai P, et al.
    Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with pulsed electromagnetic fields: a randomized, double-blind,
    placebo-controlled study.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Jul;13(7):575–81. PMID: 15979009

  162. Yildiz SK, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, et al.
    The effectiveness of ultrasound treatment for the management of knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
    Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(6):1187–91. PMID: 26775369

  163. Jia L, Wang Y, Chen J, et al.
    Efficacy of focused low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for the management of knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.
    Scientific Reports. 2016 10 17;6:35453.
    doi: 10.1038/srep35453. PMID: 27748432

  164. Yegin T, Altan L, Kasapoglu Aksoy M.
    The Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Pain and Physical Function in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.
    Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2017 01;43(1):187–94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.08.035. PMID: 27727020

  165. Brosseau L, Wells G, Marchand S, et al.
    Randomized controlled trial on low level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA)
    of the hand.
    Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Mar;36(3):210–9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20137. PMID: 15704096

  166. Dilek B, Gozum M, Sahin E, et al.
    Efficacy of paraffin bath therapy in hand osteoarthritis: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Apr;94(4):642–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.024. PMID: 23187044

  167. Alfano AP, Taylor AG, Foresman PA, et al.
    Static magnetic fields for treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.
    J Altern Complement Med. 2001 Feb;7(1):53–64. PMID: 11246937

  168. Paolucci T, Piccinini G, Iosa M, et al.
    Efficacy of extremely low-frequency magnetic field in fibromyalgia pain: A pilot study.
    J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016;53(6):1023–34.
    doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2015.04.0061. PMID: 28475205

  169. Bono F, Salvino D, Mazza MR, et al.
    The influence of ictal cutaneous allodynia on the response to occipital transcutaneous electrical stimulation
    in chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache: a randomized, sham-controlled study.
    Cephalalgia. 2015 Apr;35(5):389–98.
    doi: 10.1177/0333102414544909. PMID: 25078717

  170. Djavid GE, Mehrdad R, Ghasemi M, et al.
    In chronic low back pain, low level laser therapy combined with exercise is more beneficial
    than exercise alone in the long term: a randomised trial.
    Aust J Physiother. 2007;53(3):155–60. PMID: 17725472

  171. Haas M, Vavrek D, Peterson D, Polissar N, Neradilek MB.
    Dose-response and Efficacy of Spinal Manipulation for Care of Chronic Low Back Pain:
    A Randomized Controlled Trial

    Spine J. 2014 (Jul 1); 14 (7): 1106–1116

  172. Hondras MA, Long CR, Cao Y, et al.
    A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing 2 Types of Spinal Manipulation
    and Minimal Conservative Medical Care for Adults 55 Years and Older
    With Subacute or Chronic Low Back Pain

    J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 (Jun); 32 (5): 330–343

  173. Senna M.K., Machaly S.A.
    Does Maintained Spinal Manipulation Therapy for Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain
    Result in Better Long Term Outcome?

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011 (Aug 15); 36 (18): 1427–1437

  174. Underwood M, UK BEAM Trial Team.
    United Kingdom Back Pain Exercise and Manipulation (UK BEAM) Randomized Tial:
    Effectiveness of Physical Treatments for Back Pain in Primary Care

    British Medical Journal 2004 (Dec 11); 329 (7479): 1377–1384

  175. Ajimsha MS, Daniel B, Chithra S.
    Effectiveness of myofascial release in the management of chronic low back pain in nursing professionals.
    J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014 Apr;18(2):273–81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.05.007. PMID: 24725797

  176. Cherkin DC, Eisenberg D, Sherman KJ, et al.
    Randomized trial comparing traditional Chinese medical acupuncture, therapeutic massage, and
    self-care education for chronic low back pain.
    Arch Intern Med. 2001 Apr 23;161(8):1081–8. PMID: 11322842

  177. Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Kahn J, et al.
    A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain:
    a randomized, controlled trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jul 5;155(1):1–9.
    doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-1-201107050-00002. PMID: 21727288

  178. Quinn F, Hughes CM, Baxter GD.
    Reflexology in the management of low back pain: a pilot randomised controlled trial.
    Complement Ther Med. 2008 Feb;16(1):3–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2007.05.001. PMID: 18346622

  179. Arguisuelas MD, Lison JF, Sanchez-Zuriaga D, et al.
    Effects of Myofascial Release in Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Spine. 2017 May 01;42(9):627–34.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001897. PMID: 28441294

  180. Movahedi M, Ghafari S, Nazari F, et al.
    The effect of acupressure on fatigue among female nurses with chronic back pain.
    Applied Nursing Research. 2017 08;36:111–4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.06.006. PMID: 28720230

  181. Rudolfsson T, Djupsjobacka M, Hager C, et al.
    Effects of neck coordination exercise on sensorimotor function in chronic neck pain:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    J Rehabil Med. 2014 Oct;46(9):908–14.
    doi: 10.2340/16501977-1869. PMID: 25182501

  182. Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Hawkes RJ, et al.
    Randomized trial of therapeutic massage for chronic neck pain.
    Clin J Pain. 2009 Mar-Apr;25(3):233–8.
    doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31818b7912. PMID: 19333174

  183. Pach D, Piper M, Lotz F, et al.
    Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Tuina for Chronic Neck Pain:
    A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Tuina with a No-Intervention Waiting List.
    Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 2018 Mar;24(3):231–7.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0209. PMID: 29072931

  184. Perlman AI, Ali A, Njike VY, et al.
    Massage therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized dose-finding trial.
    PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2012;7(2):e30248.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030248. PMID: 22347369

  185. Castro-Sanchez AM, Mataran-Penarrocha GA, Arroyo-Morales M, et al.
    Effects of myofascial release techniques on pain, physical function, and postural stability in
    patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.
    Clin Rehabil. 2011 Sep;25(9):800–13.
    doi: 10.1177/0269215511399476. PMID: 21673013

  186. Castro-Sanchez AM, Mataran-Penarrocha GA, Granero-Molina J, et al.
    Benefits of massage-myofascial release therapy on pain, anxiety, quality of sleep, depression,
    and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:561753.
    doi: 10.1155/2011/561753. PMID: 21234327

  187. Castien, R. F., van der Windt, D. A., Grooten, A., & Dekker, J.
    Effectiveness of Manual Therapy for Chronic Tension-type Headache:
    A Pragmatic, Randomised, Clinical Trial

    Cephalalgia. 2011 (Jan); 31 (2): 133–143

  188. Boline P.D., Kassak K., Bronfort G.
    Spinal Manipulation vs. Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headaches:
    A Randomized Clinical Trial

    J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995 (Mar); 18 (3): 148–154

  189. Little P, Lewith G, Webley F, et al.
    Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM)
    for chronic and recurrent back pain. BMJ. 2008 Aug 19;337:a884.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.a884. PMID: 18713809

  190. Bronfort G, Maiers MJ, Evans RL, Schulz CA, Bracha Y, Svendsen KH, Grimm RH, Jr.:
    Supervised Exercise, Spinal Manipulation, and Home Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain:
    A Randomized Clinical Trial

    Spine J. 2011 (Jul); 11 (7): 585–598

  191. Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, et al.
    Comparison of General Exercise, Motor Control Exercise and Spinal Manipulative Therapy
    for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial

    Pain. 2007 (Sep);   131 (1-2):   31–37

  192. Gudavalli MR, Cambron JA, McGregor M, et al.
    A randomized clinical trial and subgroup analysis to compare flexion-distraction with active
    exercise for chronic low back pain.
    Eur Spine J. 2006 Jul;15(7):1070–82.
    doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-0021-8. PMID: 16341712

  193. Hoeksma HL, Dekker J, Ronday HK, et al.
    Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip:
    a randomized clinical trial.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Oct 15;51(5):722–9. PMID: 15478147

  194. Banth S, Ardebil MD.
    Effectiveness of mindfulness meditation on pain and quality of life of patients with chronic
    low back pain.
    Int J Yoga. 2015 Jul-Dec;8(2):128–33.
    doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.158476. PMID: 26170592

  195. Cherkin DC, Anderson ML, Sherman KJ, et al.
    Two-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive
    Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care for Chronic Low Back Pain.
    JAMA. 2017 Feb 14;317(6):642–4.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.17814. PMID: 28196244

  196. Herman PM, Anderson ML, Sherman KJ, et al.
    Cost-effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or
    Usual Care Among Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017 Oct 15;42(20):1511–20.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002344. PMID: 28742756

  197. Morone NE, Greco CM, Moore CG, et al.
    A mind-body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.
    JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Mar;176(3):329–37.
    doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8033. PMID: 26903081

  198. Morone NE, Rollman BL, Moore CG, et al.
    A mind-body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: results of a pilot study.
    Pain Med. 2009 Nov;10(8):1395–407.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00746.x. PMID: 20021599

  199. Zgierska AE, Burzinski CA, Cox J, et al.
    Mindfulness Meditation and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention Reduces Pain Severity and Sensitivity
    in Opioid-Treated Chronic Low Back Pain: Pilot Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Pain Med. 2016 Oct;17(10):1865–81.
    doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw006. PMID: 26968850

  200. Cash E, Salmon P, Weissbecker I, et al.
    Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women: results of a randomized clinical trial.
    Ann Behav Med. 2015 Jun;49(3):319–30.
    doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9665-0. PMID: 25425224

  201. Schmidt S, Grossman P, Schwarzer B, et al.
    Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction:
    results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial.
    Pain. 2011 Feb;152(2):361–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.043. PMID: 21146930

  202. Sephton SE, Salmon P, Weissbecker I, et al.
    Mindfulness meditation alleviates depressive symptoms in women with fibromyalgia:
    results of a randomized clinical trial.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb 15;57(1):77–85.
    doi: 10.1002/art.22478. PMID: 17266067

  203. Van Gordon W, Shonin E, Dunn TJ, et al.
    Meditation awareness training for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
    Br J Health Psychol. 2017 Feb;22(1):186–206.
    doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12224. PMID: 27885763

  204. Groessl EJ, Liu L, Chang DG, et al.
    Yoga for Military Veterans with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Am J Prev Med. 2017 Nov;53(5):599–608.
    doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.019. PMID: 28735778

  205. Saper RB, Lemaster C, Delitto A, et al.
    Yoga, physical therapy, or education for chronic low back pain: A randomized noninferiority trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jul 18;167(2):85–94.
    doi: 10.7326/m16-2579. PMID: 28631003

  206. Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Erro J, et al.
    Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2005 Dec 20;143(12):849–56. PMID: 16365466

  207. Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Wellman RD, et al.
    A randomized trial comparing yoga, stretching, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain.
    Arch Intern Med. 2011 Dec 12;171(22):2019–26.
    doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.524. PMID: 22025101

  208. Tilbrook HE, Cox H, Hewitt CE, et al.
    Yoga for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2011 Nov 01;155(9):569–78.
    doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00003. PMID: 22041945

  209. Williams K, Abildso C, Steinberg L, et al.
    Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of Iyengar yoga therapy on chronic low back pain.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Sep 01;34(19):2066–76.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b315cc. PMID: 19701112

  210. Williams KA, Petronis J, Smith D, et al.
    Effect of Iyengar yoga therapy for chronic low back pain.
    Pain. 2005 May;115(1-2):107–17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.016. PMID: 15836974

  211. Highland KB, Schoomaker A, Rojas W, et al.
    Benefits of the Restorative Exercise and Strength Training for Operational Resilience and Excellence
    Yoga Program for Chronic Low Back Pain in Service Members: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
    [Erratum appears in Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Apr;99(4):777; PMID: 29580463].
    Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2018 01;99(1):91–8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.473. PMID: 28919191

  212. Miyamoto GC, Franco KFM, van Dongen JM, et al.
    Different doses of Pilates-based exercise therapy for chronic low back pain:
    a randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation.
    British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018 Jul;52(13):859–68.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098825. PMID: 29525763

  213. MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Richmond S, et al.
    Alexander Technique Lessons or Acupuncture Sessions for Persons With Chronic Neck Pain:
    A Randomized Trial.
    [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):I30; PMID: 26524582].
    Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):653–62.
    doi: 10.7326/M15-0667. PMID: 26524571

  214. Essex H, Parrott S, Atkin K, et al.
    An economic evaluation of Alexander Technique lessons or acupuncture sessions for patients with chronic
    neck pain: A randomized trial (ATLAS).
    PLoS ONE 2017;12(12):e0178918.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178918. PMID: 29211741

  215. Brismee JM, Paige RL, Chyu MC, et al.
    Group and home-based tai chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Clinical Rehabilitation. 2007 Feb;21(2):99–111. PMID: 17264104

  216. Wang C, Schmid CH, Hibberd PL, et al.
    Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.
    Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Nov 15;61(11):1545–53.
    doi: 10.1002/art.24832. PMID: 19877092

  217. Lynch M, Sawynok J, Hiew C, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial of qigong for fibromyalgia.
    Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(4):R178.
    doi: 10.1186/ar3931. PMID: 22863206

  218. Wang C, Schmid CH, Rones R, et al.
    A randomized trial of tai chi for fibromyalgia.
    N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 19;363(8):743–54.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0912611. PMID: 20818876

  219. Blodt S, Pach D, Kaster T, et al.
    Qigong versus exercise therapy for chronic low back pain in adults-
    a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial.
    Eur J Pain. 2015 Jan;19(1):123–31.
    doi: 10.1002/ejp.529. PMID: 24902673

  220. Nambi GS, Inbasekaran D, Khuman R, et al.
    Changes in pain intensity and health related quality of life with Iyengar yoga in nonspecific chronic
    low back pain: A randomized controlled study.
    Int J Yoga. 2014 Jan;7(1):48–53.
    doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.123481. PMID: 25035607

  221. Lansinger B, Larsson E, Persson LC, et al.
    Qigong and exercise therapy in patients with long-term neck pain: a prospective randomized trial.
    Spine. 2007 Oct 15;32(22):2415–22. PMID: 18090079

  222. Seferiadis A, Ohlin P, Billhult A, et al.
    Basic body awareness therapy or exercise therapy for the treatment of chronic whiplash associated disorders:
    a randomized comparative clinical trial.
    Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(5):442–51.
    doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1044036. PMID: 25955823

  223. Wang C, Schmid CH, Fielding RA, et al.
    Effect of tai chi versus aerobic exercise for fibromyalgia:
    comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial.
    BMJ. 2018 03 21;360:k851.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.k851. PMID: 29563100

  224. Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, et al.
    Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    Arch Intern Med. 2006 Feb 27;166(4):450–7.
    doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.4.450. PMID: 16505266

  225. Carlsson CP, Sjolund BH.
    Acupuncture for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled study with long-term follow-up.
    Clin J Pain. 2001 Dec;17(4):296–305. PMID: 11783809

  226. Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Avins AL, et al.
    A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain.
    Arch Intern Med. 2009 May 11;169(9):858–66.
    doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.65. PMID: 19433697

  227. Cho YJ, Song YK, Cha YY, et al.
    Acupuncture for chronic low back pain: a multicenter, randomized, patient-assessor blind,
    sham-controlled clinical trial.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Apr 01;38(7):549–57.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318275e601. PMID: 23026870

  228. Haake M, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al.
    German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded,
    parallel-group trial with 3 groups.
    Arch Intern Med. 2007 Sep 24;167(17):1892–8.
    doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.17.1892. PMID: 17893311

  229. Kerr DP, Walsh DM, Baxter D.
    Acupuncture in the management of chronic low back pain: a blinded randomized controlled trial.
    Clin J Pain. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(6):364–70. PMID: 14600536

  230. Thomas KJ, MacPherson H, Thorpe L, et al.
    Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care
    for persistent non-specific low back pain.
    BMJ. 2006 Sep 23;333(7569):623.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.38878.907361.7C. PMID: 16980316

  231. Birch S, Jamison RN.
    Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain:
    assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment.
    Clin J Pain. 1998 Sep;14(3):248–55. PMID: 9758075

  232. Ho LF, Lin ZX, Leung AWN, et al.
    Efficacy of abdominal acupuncture for neck pain: A randomized controlled trial.
    PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181360.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181360. PMID: 28715459

  233. Liang Z, Zhu X, Yang X, et al.
    Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chronic neck pain:
    a pilot randomised controlled study.
    Complement Ther Med. 2011 Jan;19: Suppl 1:S26–32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2010.11.005. PMID: 21195292

  234. Sahin N, Ozcan E, Sezen K, et al.
    Efficacy of acupunture in patients with chronic neck pain-a randomised, sham controlled trial.
    Acupunct Electrother Res. 2010;35(1-2):17–27. PMID: 20578644

  235. Vas J, Perea-Milla E, Mendez C, et al.
    Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chronic uncomplicated neck pain: a randomised controlled study.
    Pain. 2006 Dec 15;126(1-3):245–55. PMID: 16934402

  236. White P, Lewith G, Prescott P, et al.
    Acupuncture versus placebo for the treatment of chronic mechanical neck pain:
    a randomized, controlled trial.
    [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 21;141(12):I26; PMID: 15611483].
    Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 21;141(12):911–9. PMID: 15611488

  237. Zhang SP, Chiu TT, Chiu SN.
    Long-term efficacy of electroacupuncture for chronic neck pain: a randomised controlled trial.
    Hong Kong Med J. 2013 Dec;19: Suppl 9:36–9. PMID: 24473589

  238. Berman BM, Singh BB, Lao L, et al.
    A randomized trial of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee.
    Rheumatology. 1999 Apr;38(4):346–54. PMID: 10378713

  239. Berman BM, Lao L, Langenberg P, et al.
    Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee:
    a randomized, controlled trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 21;141(12):901–10. PMID: 15611487

  240. Hinman RS, McCrory P, Pirotta M, et al.
    Acupuncture for chronic knee pain: a randomized clinical trial.
    [Summary for patients in JAMA. 2014 Oct 1;312(13):1365; PMID: 25268455].
    JAMA. 2014 Oct 1;312(13):1313–22.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.12660. PMID: 25268438

  241. Jubb RW, Tukmachi ES, Jones PW, et al.
    A blinded randomised trial of acupuncture (manual and electroacupuncture) compared with a
    non-penetrating sham for the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee.
    Acupunct Med. 2008 Jun;26(2):69–78. PMID: 18591906

  242. Lansdown H, Howard K, Brealey S, et al.
    Acupuncture for pain and osteoarthritis of the knee: a pilot study for an open parallel-arm
    randomised controlled trial.
    BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:130.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-130. PMID: 19852841

  243. Suarez-Almazor ME, Looney C, Liu Y, et al.
    A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee:
    effects of patient-provider communication.
    Arthritis Care Res. 2010 Sep;62(9):1229–36.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.20225. PMID: 20506122

  244. Witt C, Brinkhaus B, Jena S, et al.
    Acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised trial.
    Lancet. 2005 Jul 9-15;366(9480):136–43. PMID: 16005336

  245. Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Konur S, et al.
    Laser acupuncture in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.
    Photomed Laser Surg. 2007 Feb;25(1):14–20. PMID: 17352632

  246. Assefi NP, Sherman KJ, Jacobsen C, et al.
    A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia.
    [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jul 5;143(1):I24; PMID: 15998747].
    Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jul 5;143(1):10–9. PMID: 15998750

  247. Martin DP, Sletten CD, Williams BA, et al.
    Improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms with acupuncture: results of a randomized controlled trial.
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Jun;81(6):749–57.
    doi: 10.4065/81.6.749. PMID: 16770975

  248. Vas J, Santos-Rey K, Navarro-Pablo R, et al.
    Acupuncture for fibromyalgia in primary care: a randomised controlled trial.
    Acupunct Med. 2016 Aug;34(4):257–66.
    doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010950. Epub 2016 Feb 15. PMID: 26879181

  249. Karatay S, Okur SC, Uzkeser H, et al.
    Effects of acupuncture treatment on fibromyalgia symptoms, serotonin, and substance P levels:
    a randomized sham and placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Pain Med. 2018 Mar 1;19(3):615–28.
    doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx263. PMID: 29220534

  250. Mist SD, Jones KD.
    Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture for Women with Fibromyalgia:
    Group Acupuncture with Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis-Based Point Selection.
    Pain Medicine. 2018 09 01;19(9):1862–71.
    doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx322. PMID: 29447382

  251. Ebneshahidi NS, Heshmatipour M, Moghaddami A, et al.
    The effects of laser acupuncture on chronic tension headache-a randomised controlled trial.
    Acupunct Med. 2005 Mar;23(1):13–8. PMID: 15844435

  252. Karst M, Rollnik JD, Fink M, et al.
    Pressure pain threshold and needle acupuncture in chronic tension-type headache-
    a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
    Pain. 2000 Nov;88(2):199–203. PMID: 11050375

  253. Tavola T, Gala C, Conte G, et al.
    Traditional Chinese acupuncture in tension-type headache: a controlled study.
    Pain. 1992 Mar;48(3):325–9. PMID: 1594255

  254. Cho JH, Nam DH, Kim KT, et al.
    Acupuncture with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus acupuncture or NSAIDs alone for
    the treatment of chronic neck pain: an assessor-blinded randomised controlled pilot study.
    Acupunct Med. 2014 Feb;32(1):17–23.
    doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2013-010410. PMID: 24171895

  255. Bendix AF, Bendix T, Vaegter K, et al.
    Multidisciplinary intensive treatment for chronic low back pain: a randomized, prospective study.
    Cleve Clin J Med. 1996 Jan-Feb;63(1):62–9. PMID: 8590519

  256. Harkapaa K, Jarvikoski A, Mellin G, et al.
    A controlled study on the outcome of inpatient and outpatient treatment of low back pain. Part I.
    Pain, disability, compliance, and reported treatment benefits three months after treatment.
    Scand J Rehabil Med. 1989;21(2):81–9. PMID: 2526364

  257. Von Korff M, Balderson BH, Saunders K, et al.
    A trial of an activating intervention for chronic back pain in primary care and physical therapy settings.
    Pain. 2005 Feb;113(3):323–30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.11.007. PMID: 15661440

  258. Lambeek LC, van Mechelen W, Knol DL, et al.
    Randomised controlled trial of integrated care to reduce disability from chronic low back pain in working
    and private life.
    BMJ. 2010 Mar 16;340:c1035.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1035. PMID: 20234040

  259. Abbasi M, Dehghani M, Keefe FJ, et al.
    Spouse-assisted training in pain coping skills and the outcome of multidisciplinary pain management for
    chronic low back pain treatment: a 1-year randomized controlled trial.
    Eur J Pain. 2012 Aug;16(7):1033–43.
    doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00097.x. PMID: 22337646

  260. Strand LI, Ljunggren AE, Haldorsen EM, et al.
    The impact of physical function and pain on work status at 1-year follow-up in patients with back pain.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Apr 01;26(7):800–8. PMID: 11295903

  261. Stukstette MJ, Dekker J, den Broeder AA, et al.
    No evidence for the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary group based treatment program in patients with
    osteoarthritis of hands on the short term; results of a randomized controlled trial.
    Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Jul;21(7):901–10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.016. PMID: 23583457

  262. Amris K, Waehrens EE, Christensen R, et al.
    Interdisciplinary rehabilitation of patients with chronic widespread pain: primary endpoint of the randomized,
    nonblinded, parallel-group IMPROvE trial.
    Pain. 2014 Jul;155(7):1356–64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.012. PMID: 24727345

  263. Castel A, Fontova R, Montull S, et al.
    Efficacy of a multidisciplinary fibromyalgia treatment adapted for women with low educational levels:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Arthritis Care Res. 2013 Mar;65(3):421–31.
    doi: 10.1002/acr.21818. PMID: 22899402

  264. Castel A, Castro S, Fontova R, et al.
    Body mass index and response to a multidisciplinary treatment of fibromyalgia.
    Rheumatol Int. 2015 Feb;35(2):303–14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-014-3096-x. Epub 2014 Aug 1. PMID: 25080875

  265. Cedraschi C, Desmeules J, Rapiti E, et al.
    Fibromyalgia: a randomised, controlled trial of a treatment programme based on self management.
    Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Mar;63(3):290–6. PMID: 14962965

  266. Martin J, Torre F, Padierna A, et al.
    Six-and 12-month follow-up of an interdisciplinary fibromyalgia treatment programme:
    results of a randomised trial.
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Nov-Dec;30(6 Suppl 74):103–11. Epub 2012 Dec 14. PMID: 23261008

  267. Salvat I, Zaldivar P, Monterde S, et al.
    Functional status, physical activity level, and exercise regularity in patients with fibromyalgia after
    Multidisciplinary treatment: retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
    Rheumatol Int. 2017 Mar;37(3):377–87.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-016-3597-x. PMID: 27844124

  268. Saral I, Sindel D, Esmaeilzadeh S, et al.
    The effects of long- and short-term interdisciplinary treatment approaches in women with fibromyalgia:
    a randomized controlled trial.
    Rheumatol Int. 2016 Oct;36(10):1379–89.
    doi: 10.1007/s00296-016-3473-8. PMID: 27055444

  269. Tavafian SS, Jamshidi AR, Montazeri A.
    A randomized study of back school in women with chronic low back pain: quality of life at three, six,
    and twelve months follow-up.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Jul 01;33(15):1617–21.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817bd31c. PMID: 18580739

  270. Bendix AF, Bendix T, Ostenfeld S, et al.
    Active treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized,
    observer-blinded study.
    Eur Spine J. 1995;4(3):148–52. PMID: 7552649

  271. Bendix T, Bendix A, Labriola M, et al.
    Functional restoration versus outpatient physical training in chronic low back pain:
    a randomized comparative study.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Oct 01;25(19):2494–500. PMID: 11013502

  272. Jousset N, Fanello S, Bontoux L, et al.
    Effects of functional restoration versus 3 hours per week physical therapy: a randomized controlled study.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Mar 01;29(5):487–93; discussion 94. PMID: 15129059

  273. Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J.
    Operant-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain.
    Behav Res Ther. 1991;29(3):225–38. PMID: 1831972

  274. Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J.
    Comparison of cognitive-behavioral group treatment and an alternative non-psychological treatment
    for chronic low back pain.
    Pain. 1992 Mar;48(3):339–47. PMID: 1534400

  275. van der Roer N, van Tulder M, Barendse J, et al.
    Intensive group training protocol versus guideline physiotherapy for patients with chronic low back pain:
    a randomised controlled trial.
    Eur Spine J. 2008 Sep;17(9):1193–200.
    doi: 10.1007/s00586-008-0718-6. PMID: 18663487

  276. Monticone M, Ferrante S, Rocca B, et al.
    Effect of a long-lasting multidisciplinary program on disability and fear-avoidance behaviors in patients
    with chronic low back pain: results of a randomized controlled trial.
    Clin J Pain. 2013 Nov;29(11):929–38.
    doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31827fef7e. PMID: 23328343

  277. Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Rocca B, et al.
    A multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme improves disability, kinesiophobia and walking ability in
    subjects with chronic low back pain: results of a randomised controlled pilot study.
    Eur Spine J. 2014 Oct;23(10):2105–13.
    doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3478-5. PMID: 25064093

  278. Roche G, Ponthieux A, Parot-Shinkel E, et al.
    Comparison of a functional restoration program with active individual physical therapy for patients
    with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Oct;88(10):1229–35.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.014. PMID: 17908562

  279. Roche-Leboucher G, Petit-Lemanac’h A, Bontoux L, et al.
    Multidisciplinary intensive functional restoration versus outpatient active physiotherapy in chronic
    low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Dec 15;36(26):2235–42.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182191e13. PMID: 21415807

  280. Bendix AF, Bendix T, Lund C, et al.
    Comparison of three intensive programs for chronic low back pain patients:
    a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study with one-year follow-up.
    Scand J Rehabil Med. 1997 Jun;29(2):81–9. PMID: 9198257

  281. Bendix AE, Bendix T, Haestrup C, et al.
    A prospective, randomized 5-year follow-up study of functional restoration in chronic low back pain patients.
    Eur Spine J. 1998;7(2):111–9. PMID: 9629934

  282. Kabat-Zinn J.
    Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future.
    Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):144–56.
    doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.

  283. Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG.
    Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with functional restoration.
    Spine J. 2008 Jan-Feb;8(1):65–9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.012. PMID: 18164455

  284. Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J et al.
    Systemic Pharmacologic Therapies for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review for an
    American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline

    Annals of Internal Medicine 2017 (Apr 4); 166 (7): 480–492

  285. Tice J, Kumar V, Otunoye I, et al.
    Cognitive and Mind-Body Therapies for Chronic Low Back and Neck Pain: Effectiveness and Value.
    Evidence Report. Prepared for The California Technology Assesment Forum.
    Boston, MA: The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review; 2017.
    https://icer-review.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CTAF_Chronic_Pain__Evidence_Report_100417.pdf
    Accessed October 13, 2017.

  286. Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, et al.
    Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews.
    The Cochrane Library. 2017

  287. Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Maschino AC, et al.
    Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis.
    Arch Intern Med. 2012 Oct 22;172(19):1444–53.
    doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3654. PMID: 22965186

  288. Nahin RL, Boineau R, Khalsa PS, Stussman BJ, Weber WJ.
    Evidence-Based Evaluation of Complementary Health Approaches for Pain Management in the United States
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 (Sep);   91 (9):   1292–1306

  289. Newberry SJ, FitzGerald J, SooHoo NF, et al.
    Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: An Update Review. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 190.
    (Prepared by the RAND Southern California Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015-00010-I.)
    AHRQ Publication No.17-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD:
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017.
    www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm doi: 10.23970/AHRQEPCCER190.

  290. Busse J.
    The 2017 Canadian Guideline for Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. 2017.

  291. Busse JW, Ebrahim S, Connell G, et al.
    Systematic review and network meta-analysis of interventions for fibromyalgia: a protocol.
    Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 13;2:18.
    doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-2-18. PMID: 23497523

  292. Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, Chou R, Cohen SP, Gross DP, Ferreira PH, Fritz JM.
    Prevention and Treatment of Low Back Pain: Evidence, Challenges, and Promising Directions
    Lancet. 2018 (Jun 9); 391 (10137): 2368–2383

  293. Heyward J , Jones CM , Compton WM , et al .
    Coverage of Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Low Back Pain Among US Public and Private Insurer
    JAMA Network Open 2018 (Oct 5); 1 (6): e183044

  294. The President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis.
    Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). November 1, 2017.
    Washington D.C. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Final_Report_Draft_11-1-2017.pdf.

  295. Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, et al.
    Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice
    (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial.
    Lancet. 2011 Oct 29;378(9802):1560–71.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60937-9. PMID: 21963002

  296. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews: Chapter 11.
    Assessing Harms When Comparing Medical Interventions.
    AHRQ Publication No. 10(14)-EHC063-EF.
    Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. January 2014.
    Chapters available at:
    www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov

  297. Black A, Richmond SA, Pike I, et al.
    Evidence Summary: Yoga. Active & Safe Central.
    BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit: Vancouver, BC. Available at
    http://activesafe.ca/. 2018.

  298. Nielsen SM, Tarp S, Christensen R, et al.
    The risk associated with spinal manipulation: an overview of reviews.
    Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 24;6(1):64.
    doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0458-y. PMID: 28340595

  299. Paige NM, Myiake-Lye IM, Booth MS, et al.
    Association of Spinal Manipulative Therapy with Clinical Benefit and Harm
    for Acute Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

    JAMA. 2017 (Apr 11); 317 (14): 1451–1460

  300. Rubinstein SM, De Zoete A, Van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJJ, De Boer MR, Van Tulder MW.
    Benefits and Harms of Spinal Manipulative Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain:
    Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

    British Medical Journal 2019 (Mar 13); 364: l689

  301. Wayne PM, Berkowitz DL, Litrownik DE, et al.
    What do we really know about the safety of tai chi?: A systematic review of adverse event reports
    in randomized trials.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Dec;95(12):2470–83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.005. PMID: 24878398

  302. Zhang J, Shang H, Gao X, et al.
    Acupuncture-related adverse events: a systematic review of the Chinese literature.
    Bull World Health Organ. 2010 Dec 1;88(12):915–21C.

  303. Hempel S, Taylor SL, Solloway MR, et al.
    Evidence Map of Acupuncture. 2014.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24575449

  304. Ullah W, Ahmad A, Mukhtar M, et al.
    Acupuncture-Related Cardiac Complications: A Systematic Review.
    J Invasive Cardiol. 2019 Apr;31(4):E69–E72. PMID: 30927540

  305. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al.
    Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.
    Pain. 2005;113(1):9–19

  306. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Peirce-Sandner S, et al.
    Research design considerations for confirmatory chronic pain clinical trials:
    IMMPACT recommendations.
    PAINฎ. 2010;149(2):177–93

  307. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, et al.
    Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials:
    IMMPACT recommendations.
    The Journal of Pain. 2008;9(2):105–21

  308. Gewandter JS, Dworkin RH, Turk DC, et al.
    Research designs for proof-of-concept chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.
    PAIN. 2014;155(9):1683–95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.025. PMID: 00006396-201409000-00004

  309. Taylor AM, Phillips K, Patel KV, et al.
    Assessment of physical function and participation in chronic pain clinical trials:
    IMMPACT/OMERACT recommendations.
    Pain. 2016;157(9):1836–50

  310. Turk DC, Dworkin RH, McDermott MP, et al.
    Analyzing multiple endpoints in clinical trials of pain treatments: IMMPACT recommendations.
    Pain. 2008;139(3):485–93

  311. Dworkin RH, Allen R, Kopko S, et al.
    A standard database format for clinical trials of pain treatments: An ACTTION–CDISC initiative.
    Pain. 2013;154(1):11–4

  312. Hunsinger M, Smith SM, Rothstein D, et al.
    Adverse event reporting in nonpharmacologic, noninterventional pain clinical trials:
    ACTTION systematic review.
    PAINฎ. 2014;155(11):2253–62

  313. R.A. Deyo, S.F. Dworkin, D. Amtmann, G. Andersson, et al.,
    Report of the NIH Task Force on Research Standards for Chronic Low Back Pain
    Journal of Pain 2014 (Jun);   15 (6):   569–585

  314. National Institute of Health Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee.
    Federal Pain Research Strategy. 2017.

  315. Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, et al.
    Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms.
    J Pain. 2016 Sep;17:(9 Suppl):T10–20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010. PMID: 27586827


Return to:   Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment (2020)


                  © 1995–2024 ~ The Chiropractic Resource Organization ~ All Rights Reserved