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Manipulation
Back exercises
Physical Agents and Modalities
Traction
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
(TENS)
Shoe Insoles and Shoe Lifts
Lumbar Corsets and Supports
Trigger Point and Ligamentous Injections
Acupuncture
Epidural Steroid Injections
Facet Joint Injections
Biofeedback
Group education: back school
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Physical Agents and Modalities
This includes ice, heat, short wave diathermy, massage,
ultrasound.
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Although commonly used for
symptomatic relief, these passive modalities do not appear to have any
effect on clinical outcomes.
Gam & Johansson 1995
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