Evidence Review

Physical Therapies

Manipulation

Back exercises

Physical Agents and Modalities

Traction

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Shoe Insoles and Shoe Lifts

Lumbar Corsets and Supports

Trigger Point and Ligamentous Injections

Acupuncture

Epidural Steroid Injections

Facet Joint Injections

Biofeedback

Group education: back school

Traction

There are now 24 RCTs of various forms of traction in neck and back pain but they are generally of poor quality.

Traction does not appear to be effective for low back pain or radiculopathy. van der Heijden et al 1995